Evaluation of barnyard millet intercropping systems in semi-arid zone of Hisar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v69i3.5527Keywords:
Intercropping, Barnyard millet, Greengram, Sesame and Row ratioAbstract
A field experiment was conducted at CCSHAU, Hisar during Kharif seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 in three times replicated randomized block design. The experiment was comprised of thirteen barnyard millet-based inter- cropping systems in replacement series with greengram and sesame as intercrop with row ratio of 5:1, 4:2, 3:3, 2:4, 1:5 in addition to their sole crops. Results revealed that the barnyard millet intercropped with greengram was found superior over sole barnyard millet in terms of different intercropping indices. But, barnyard millet intercrop with sesame was found uneconomical. The barnyard millet + greengram (1:5) recorded the highest land equivalent ratio (LER; 1.25), barnyard millet equivalent yield (BMEY; 2977 kg/ha), land use efficiency (LUE; 119.4%), area time equivalent ratio (ATER; 1.14), relative crowding coefficient (RCC; 1.79), monitory advantage index (MAI; ` 10,756/ha), system productivity index (SPI; 2903), intercropping advantage index (IAI; 34.6), net return (` 23,111/ha), benefit:cost (1.42) and per day return (` 300.3) which was closely followed by barnyard millet + greengram (4:2). Hence, barnyard millet + greengram (1:5) intercropping system is a suitable option for achieving higher monetary returns and resource use efficiency as compared to sole barnyard millet under semiarid region of India.
References
Adetiloye, P.O., Ezedima, F.O.C. and Okigbo, B.N. 1983. A land equivalent coefficient concept for the evaluation of competitive and productive interactions in simple to complex crop mixtures. Ecological Modelling 19: 27–39.
Ajibola, A.T. and Kolawole, G.O. 2019. Agronomic evaluation of performance of sesame varieties in maize-based intercropping system in the southern Guinean savanna of Nigeria. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 37(3): 1–10.
Ahlawat, I.P.S. and Gangaiah, B. 2010. Effect of land configuration and irrigation on sole and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) intercropped chickpea (Cicer arietinum). The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 80(3): 250–53
Anishetra, S. and Kalaghatagi, S.B. 2020. Evaluation of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) based intercropping systems with millets by varying row proportions under dry condition. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 55(4): 501–504.
Azam-Ali, S.N. and Squire, G.R. 2002. Principles of Tropical Agronomy. Wallingford, UK, CABI.
Baldev, R., Chaudhary, G.R., Jat, A.S. and Jat, M.L. 2003. Effect of integrated weed management and intercropping systems on growth and yield of pear millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Indian Journal of Agronomy 48(4): 254–258.
Banik, P. 1996. Evaluation of wheat (T. aestivum) and legume intercropping under 1:1 and 2:1 row-replacement series system. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 176: 289–294.
Banik, P., Midya, A., Sarkar, B.K. and Ghose. S.S. 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment, advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of Agriculture 24: 325–332.
Banik, P., Sasmal, T., Ghosal, P.K. and Bagchi, D.K. 2000. Evaluation of mustard (Brassica compestris var. Toria) and legume intercropping under 1:1 and 2:1 row-replacement series systems. Journal of Agronomy and Crop science 185: 9–14.
Bantie, Y., Fetien, A. and Tadesse, D. 2014. Competition indices of intercropped lupine(local) and small cereals in additive seriesin West Gojjam, North Western Ethiopia. American Journal of Plant Science 5: 1296–1305.
Bhagat, S.B., Nikas, S.B, Dahiphale, A.V., Dhekale, J.S. and Mardane, R.D. 2018. Effect of nitrogen levels and intercropping on yield and economics of finger millet (Eleusine coracana G.). The Pharma Innovation Journal 7(10): 651–654.
Biradar, S.A., Devarnavadagi, V.S., Shivalingappa, H., Kolhar, B.C. and Rathod, S.C. 2020. Performance of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) based intercropping system with millets under Northern dry zone of Karnataka. Journal of Krishi Vigyan 9(1): 277–281.
Chapke, R.R., Shyam Prasad, G., Das, I.K., Hari Prasanna, K., Singode, A., Kanthi Sri, B.S. and Tonapi, V.A. 2020. Latest millet production and processing technologies. Booklet, ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India: pp82.
Choudhary, R., Dodia, I.N., Choudhary, R. and Golada, S.L. 2012. Effect of pear millet-based pulses intercropping in rained conditions. International Journal of Forestry and Crop Improvement 3(2): 112–115.
Dass, A. and Sudhishri, S. 2010. Intercropping in finger millet (Eleusine coracana) with pulses for enhanced productivity, resource conservation and soil fertility in uplands of Southern Orissa. Indian Journal of Agronomy 55(2): 89–94.
Dhaka, B.K., Dhaka, P., Singh, B., Kamal, A. and Dhaka, A.K. (2023a). Intercropping Options for Sustainable Minor Millet Production: A Review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13(12): 89–100.
Dhaka, A.K., Jat, R.D., Singh, B., Dhaka, P., Kumar, S. and Kumar, S. 2023b. Relative yield, competition, land use and economic performance of chickpea-based intercropping systems. Legume Research.
Dhaka, A.K., Pannu, R.K., Kumar, S., Malik, K. and Singh, B. 2015. Biological feasibility, economic viability and energy efficiency of intercropping fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in seed crop of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85(1): 20–27.
Dhima, K.V., Lithougidis, A.S., Vasilakoglou, I.B. and Dordas, C.A. 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrop in two seedling ratios. Field Crop Research 100: 249–256.
Ehrmann, J. and Ritz, K. 2014. Plant: soil interactions in temperate multi-cropping production systems. Plant Soil 376: 1–29.
Esmaeili, A., Sadeghpour, A., Hosseini, S.M.B., Jahanzad, E., Chaichi, M.R. and Hashemi, M. 2011. Evaluation of seed yield and competition indices for intercropped barley (Hordeum vulgare) and annual medic (Medicago scutellata). International Journal of Plant Production 4: 395–404.
FAO 2022. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT.
Fung, K.M., Tai, A.P.K., Yong, T., Liu, X. and Lam, H. 2019. Co-benefits of intercropping as a sustainable farming method for safeguarding both food security and air quality. Environmental Research Letter 14.
Ghosh, P.K. 2004. Growth, yield, competition and economics of groundnut/cereal fodder intercropping systems in the semiarid tropics of India. Field Crops Research 88: 227–237.
Gupta, K.C., Kumar, V., Praharaj, S. and Yadav, M.R. 2019. Productivity and profitability of chickpea+ linseed intercropping system as influenced by spatial arrangement of crops in Semi-arid Eastern Plain Zone of Rajasthan. Journal of crop and weed 15(2): 110–114.
Harris, D., Natarajan, M. and Willey, R.W. 1987. Physiological basis for yield advantage in a sorghum/groundnut intercrop exposed to drought. 1. Dry-matter production, yield, and light interception. Field Crops Research 17(3-4): 259–272.
Habib, M.K., Dhaka, A.K., Singh, B., Kumar, S. and Bhatia, J.K. 2016. Economic and land use evaluation of barley based intercropping systems. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12(4): 793–798.
Hatfield, J.L. and Karlen, D.L. 1993. Sustainable agriculture systems. Publisher: CRC Press.
Hooda, R.S., Khippal, A. and Narwal, R.P. 2004. Effect of fertilizer application in conjunction with bio-fertilizers in sole and intercropping systems of pearl millet under rainfed condition. Haryana Journal of Agronomy 20(1): 29–30.
IIMR 2018. Annual Report 2017-18, Hyderabad: Indian Institute of Millet Research.
Jain, T.C. and Rao, G.M. 1980. Note on a new approach analysis of yield data in intercropping system. Indian Journal of Agricultural science 50(12): 970–972.
Jakhar, P., Adhikary, P.P., Naik, B.S. and Madhu, M. 2015. Finger millet-groundnut strip cropping for enhanced productivity and resource conservation in upland of Eastern Ghats of Odisha. Indian Journal of Agronomy 60: 365–371.
Kiranmai, M., Jyostna Saralamma, S. and Reddy, C.V.C.M. 2021. Enhancing the millet system productivity with intercrops. Biological Forum – An International Journal 13(3b): 81–83.
Kiwia. A., Kimani, D., Harawa, R., Jama, B. and Sileshi, G. 2019. Sustainable Intensification with Cereal-Legume Intercropping in Eastern and Southern Africa. Sustainability 11(10): 2891.
Kumar, S., Shukla, A.K. and Singh, H.V. 2013. Intercropping of pearl millet+ cowpea as rainfed fodder crops with aonla based agri-horti-system. International Journal of Horticulture 3.
Kumar, P., Jyothi Lakshmi, N., Dube, S.D., Mani, V.P. 2000. Genotypic difference in photosynthesis and its associated parameters in relation to yield among Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) genotypes under condition in hills. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 70(6): 374–377.
Maitra Sagar 2020. Intercropping of small millets for agricultural sustainability in drylands: A review. Crop Research 55 (3 & 4): 162–171.
Maitra, S., Ghosh, D.C., Sundra, G. and Jana, P.K. 2001. Performance of intercropping legumes in finger millet at varying fertility levels. Indian Journal of Agronomy 46(1): 38–44.
Maitra, S., Ghosh, D.C., Sounda, G., Jana, P.K. and Roy, D.K. 2000. Productivity, competition and economics of intercropping legumes in finger millet (Eleusine coracana) at different fertility levels. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 70: 824–828
Manjunath, M.G., Salakinkop, S.R., Varalakhmi, A. and Harish Nayak, G.H. 2023. Yield and nutrient status in the soil after harvest of soybean and millets in intercropping systems. The Pharma Innovation Journal 12(3): 3636–3638.
Manjunath, M., Vajjaramatti and Kalaghatagi, S.B. 2018. Performance of pigeonpea and millets in intercropping systems under rainfed conditions. Journal of Farm Sciences 31: 199–01.
Manjunath, M.G. and Salakinkop 2017. Growth and yield of soybean and millets in intercropping systems. Journal of Farm Sciences 30: 349–353.
Mekuanint, T. 2020. Competition indices and monetary advantage index of intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) with legumes under supplementary irrigation in Tselemti District, Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds 11(1): 30–36.
Mobasser, H.R., Vazirimehr, M.R. and Rigi, K. 2014. Effect of intercropping on resources use, weed management and forage quality. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences 4: 706–13.
Nigade, R.D., Karad, S.R. and More, S.M. 2012. Agronomic manipulations for enhancing productivity of finger millet based on intercropping system. Advance research journal of crop improvement 3(1): 8–10.
Odo, P.E. 1991. Evaluating short and tall sorghum varieties in mixtures with cowpea in Sudan Savanna of Nigeria: LER, grain yield and system productivity index. Experimental Agriculture 27(4): 435–441.
Padhi, A.K., Panigrahi, R.K. and Jena, B.K. 2010. Effect of planting geometry and duration of intercrops on performance of pigeonpea-finger millet intercropping systems. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 44(1): 43–47.
Padulosi, S. 2011. Unlocking the potential of minor millets. Appropriate Technology 38: 21–23.
Pal, M., Singh, K.M. and Ahlawat, I.P.S. 1985. Cropping system research: Concept, needs and directions. Indian Society of Agronomy. National symposium, CSSRI, Karnal, pp.1–45.
Poddar, R., Kundu, R. and Kumar, S. 2017. Assessment of Chickpea-Spices Intercropping Productivity Using Competitive Indices Under Irrigated Conditions of Haryana. Agricultural Research 6(3): 241–247.
Pradhan, A., Thakur, A., Sao, A. and Patel, D.P. 2014. Biological efficiency of intercropping in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) under rainfed condition. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 3(1): 719–723.
Prajwal, N. and Kalaghatagi, S.B. 2018. Studies on castor (Ricinus communis L.) based millets intercropping systems under rainfed condition. Journal of Farm Sciences 31(4): 381–383.
Ram, K. and Meena, R.S. 2014. Evaluation of pearl millet and mungbean intercropping systems in Arid Region of Rajasthan (India). Bangladesh Journal of Botany 43(3): 367–370.
Rao, B.D., Bhaskarachary, K., Christina, G.D.A., Devi, G.S. and Tonapi, V.A. 2017. National and Health benefits of Millets. ICAR- Indian Institute of Millets Research (IIMR), Hyderabad, India.
Renganathan, V.G., Vanniarajan, C., Karthikeyan, A. and Ramalingam, J. 2020. Barnyard Millet for Food and Nutritional Security: Current Status and Future Research Direction. Frontier in Genetics. 23(11): 500.
Renu, Kumar, A. and Kumar, P. 2018. Performance of advance pearl millet hybrids and mungbean under sole cropping and intercropping systems under semi-arid environment. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(2): 1671–1675.
Sajjad, Shaker-Koohi and Safar, Nasrollahzadeh 2014. Evaluation of yield and advantage indices of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) Intercropping systems. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research 2(1): 151–160.
Shalini, B. and Didal, V.K. 2019. Sustaining minor millet production in hilly areas of Uttarakhand through intercropping of minor millets and pulses- A Review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science 8(11): 397–406.
Sharmili, K., Parasuraman, P. and Sivagamy, K. 2023. Effect of inter and sequential cropping of pulses in little millet (Panicum sumatranse L.) based cropping system. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 57(1): 52–55.
Sharmili, K. and Manoharan, S. 2018. Studies on intercropping in rainfed little millet (Panicum sumatrense). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7(2): 323–327.
Shashidhar, G.B., Basavaraja, R. and Nadagouda, B. 2000. Studies on pigeonpea intercropping systems in small millets under shallow red soils. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science 13: 7–10.
Shivaraj, D.H. 2015. Intercropping of groundnut with minor millets in northern transition zone of Karnataka. M. Sc. (Agri) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
Singh, R.V. and Arya, M.P.S. 1999. Nitrogen requirement of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) + pulse intercropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 44(1): 47–50.
Sukanya, T.S., Chaithra, C., Nagaraja, T.E., Latha, H.S. and Hadli Deepti, C. 2022. Sustainable production of Barnyard millet through improved production technologies. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 12(2): 16–23.
Tamer, I., Abdel-Wahab 2020. Interspecies Interactions Dynamics between Soybean and Corn as Affected by Different Soybean Varieties. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 29(11): 2864–2876.
Ugare, R., Chimmad, B., Naik, R., Bharati, P. and Itagi, S. 2014. Glycemic Index & Significance of Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) in type II Diabetics. Journal of Food Science and Technology 51(2): 24.
Vajjaramatti, M. and Kalaghatagi, S.B. 2016. Studies on pigeonpea-based millets intercropping systems under rainfed conditions. M. Sc. (Agri) Thesis, University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
Varia, S.D. and Sadhu, A.C. 2011. Effect of row ratios and fertility levels on productivity of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)-green gram intercropping system under middle Gujarat conditions. Haryana Journal of Agronomy 27(1, 2): 68–70.
Willey, R.W. 1979. Intercropping, its importance and research needs. Part-I. Competition and yield advantages. Field Crop Abstract 32(1): 1–10.
Willey, R.W. and Rao, R.M. 1981. A systematic design to examine effects of plant population and spatial arrangement in intercropping, illustrated by an experiment on chickpea/safflower. Experimental Agriculture 17(1): 63–73.
Yayeh, B.B., Abay, F. and Dessalegn, T. 2014. Effect of lupine (Lupinus spp.) intercropping and seed proportion on the yield and yield component of small cereals in North western Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research 9(30): 2287–2297.
