Production technology and multifarious uses of buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.): A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v63i4.5672Keywords:
Agro-techniques, Buckwheat, Fagopyrin, Jhuming, Phosphorus pump, Pseudo-cereal, RutinAbstract
Among the pseudo-cereals grown in India, buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is very important. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, which is known as common buckwheat, is the most cultivated species in the hilly region of India out of the 20 species of buckwheat. Besides this, Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn (Tartary buckwheat) also have limited area under cultivation. At remote locations of mountains ecosystems, buckwheat is a livelihood driven crop for small and marginal farmers. Common buckwheat is a short duration, multipurpose and nutritious crop, which can withstand changing climatic conditions and fit well in multiple cropping systems. Owing to relatively low input requirement and less infestation of insect-pests and diseases, it is the most suitable for organic production system of hilly regions of higher elevation. Buckwheat grains are primarily used for human consumption and also for livestock, poultry and piggery feeds. Rural population of hilly region of India use buckwheat sprouts and as pan cakes especially in breakfast, however, the recommended intake of buckwheat sprouts are less than 40 g/day. Furthermore, buckwheat is also grown as a cover crop, green manure crop, fodder crop, fertility restoring crop, honey crop and medicinal plant. The crop is also a good source of rutin (quercetin-3-rutinosid) and fagopyrin that are known to be used in preventing various human disorders. Tartary buckwheat contains 100-fold more rutin as compared to common buckwheat. Owing to improvement in productivity and profitability of others crops, area and production of buckwheat is declining. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop appropriate policy and scientific interventions for exploitation of this climate resilient super food crop for livelihood security of ever increasing population especially in the hill regions.
References
Awasthi, O. P. and Singh, I.S. 2010. Effect of ber and pomegranate plantation on soil nutrient status of typic torripsamments. Indian Journal of Horticulture 67(Special Issue): 138–142.
Balak, R., Nepal, S., Chauhan, J.S. 1995. Mapping of Khadin -a typical farming system of Thar Desert. Indian Cartographer 15: 45–49.
Balamatti Arun and Shamaraj 2017. Participatory evaluation of choice and combination of enterprises for integrated farming system under dry-land and irrigated agro-ecosystems. Indian Journal of Agronomy 62(1): 8–15.
Behera, U.K. and France, J. 2016. Integrated farming systems and the livelihood security of small and marginal farmers in India and other developing countries. Advances in Agronomy 138: 236–282.
Behera, U.K. and Mahapatra, I.C. 1999. Income and employment generation of small and marginal farmers through integrated farming systems. Indian Journal of Agronomy 44(3): 431–439.
Bhandari, D.C., Meghwal, P.R. and Lodha, S. 2014. Horticulture based production systems in Indian arid regions. (In) Sustainable Horticultural Systems: Issues, Technology and Innovation, pp. 19–50. Dilip Nandwani (Ed.), Springer, India.
Bhati, T.K. 1997a. Integrated farming systems for sustainable agriculture on drylands. (In) Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, pp.102–105.
Bhati, T.K. 1997b. Management of dryland crops in Indian arid ecosystem. (In) Desertification Control in the Arid Ecosystem of India for Sustainable Development, pp. 298–307. Surendra Singh and Amal Kar (Eds.), Agro Botanical Publishers (India), Bikaner.
Bhati, T.K. and Joshi, N.L. 2007. Farming systems for the sustainable agriculture in Indian Arid zone. (In) Dryland Ecosystem: Indian Perspective, pp. 35–52. Vittal, K.P.R., Srivastava, R.L., Joshi, N.L., Kar, A., Tewari, V.P. and Kathju S. (Eds.). Central Arid Zone Research Institute and Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, India.
Bhati, T.K., Tewari, J.C. and Rathore, S.S. 2008. Productivity and dynamics of integrated farming systems in Western Rajasthan. (In) Diversification of Arid Farming System, pp. 23–30. Pratap Narain, Singh, M.P., Kar, A., Kathju, S. and Praveen Kumar (Eds.), Arid Zone Research Association of India and Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India.
Burman, U., Praveen Kumar and Harsh, L.N. 2002. Single tree influence on organic forms and transformation of nitrogen in arid soils. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 50(2): 151–158.
CAZRI. 2013. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2012–13, pp. 48–49.
CAZRI. 2014. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system. Annual Report 2013–14, pp. 53–54.
CAZRI. 2015. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system. Annual Report 2014–15, pp. 62–63.
Census, 2011. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, http://censusindia.gov.in/
Dauley, H.S. 1994. Intercropping systems for the Indian arid zone. (In) Sustainable Development of the Indian Arid Zone, pp. 251–259. Singh, R.P. and Singh, S. (Eds.), Scientific Publisher, Jodhpur.
Dauley, H.S., Singh, H.P., Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. 1979. Effect of different mulches on yield and moisture use of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoids). Annals of Arid Zone 18: 108–115.
Dhruvanarayana, V.V.R.B. 1983. Estimation of soil erosion in India. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 109(4): 419–434.
Faroda, A.S. 1998. Arid Zone Research: An overview. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 1–16. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Faroda, A.S., Joshi, N.L., Singh, R. and Saxena, A. 2007. Resource management for sustainable crop production in arid zone – A review. Indian Journal of Agronomy 52 (3): 181–193.
Gajja, B.L., Bhati, T.K., Harsh, L.N. and Khan, M.S. 1999. Comparative economics of silvipasture, hortipasture and annual crops on marginal agricultural lands of arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone 38(2): 33–37.
Gajja, B.L., Rajendra Prasad, Mertia, R.S., Khem Chand and Samra, J.S. 2008. Impact of shelterbelt on net returns from agricultural production in arid Western Rajasthan. Agricultural Economics Research Review 21(1): 118–122.
Gill, M.S., Singh, J.P. and Gangwar, K.S. 2009. Integrated farming system and agriculture sustainability. Indian Journal of Agronomy 54(2): 128–139.
Gupta, G.N., Singh, G. and Kachwaha, G.R. 1998. Performance of Prosopis cineraria and associated crops under varying spacing regimes in the arid zone of India. Agroforestry Systems 40: 149–157.
Gupta, J.P. 1978. Evaporation from a sandy soil under mulches. Annals of Arid Zone 17(3): 287–290.
Gupta, J.P. 1980. Effect of mulches on moisture and thermal regimes of soil and yield of pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone 19(1 and 2): 132–138.
Gupta, J.P. and Saxena, S.K. 1978. Studies on monitoring of the dynamics of moisture in the soil and the performance of ground flora under desertic communities of trees. Indian Journal of Ecology 5: 30–36.
Gupta, J.P., Aggarwal, R.K and Kaul, P. 1979. Effect of applications of pond sediments with and without manure on soil and plant growth. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 27: 71–76.
Gupta, J.P., Aggarwal, R.K., Kaul, P. and Kumar, V. 1978. Effect of manuring and moisture conservation practices on crop yield under arid conditions. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 26(1): 70–74.
Gupta, J.P., Bhati, T.K. and Faroda, A.S. 1993. Water harvesting and moisture conservation for sustainable arid land development. Annals of Arid Zone 32: 171–176.
Gupta, J.P., Kachwaha, G.R. and Tanwar, B.L. 1998. Effect of N, P and K on growth and yield of P. cineraria, Leucaena leucocephala and Sorghum bicolor under arid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone 37: 119–122.
Gupta, J.P., Kaul, P. and Bhati, T.K. 1983. Management of farm resources in arid ecosystem. (In) Farming Systems and Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 347–362. Singh, R.P., Kesavan, P.C. and Singh, M.V. (Eds.), Associated Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Gupta, J.P., Kaul, P. and Bhati, T.K. 1998. Role of Agroforestry in the Development of Drylands. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 369–388. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Gupta, J.P., Kumar, V. and Singh, D. 1980. Effect of agro-forestry on the productivity of sandy soil under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Forestry 3(3): 212–218.
Gupta, J.P., Mertia, R.S., Gupta, B.L. and Tanwar, B.L. 1993. Agroforestry in dry regions of India – A success story. Indian Forester 119(9): 653–659.
Gupta, J.P., Raju, P.S., Bhati, T.K. and Gajja, B.L. 2004. Sustainable agro-forestry system for rainfed areas of Indian Arid Zone. Annals of Arid Zone 43: 209–218.
Gupta, K.S. and Agarwal, A.P. 1995. Dryland farming in India: Constraints and strategies. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 157–164. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Gupta, R.K. and Singh, R. 2005. Hydrological and soil erosion studies in Indian arid region. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 33(3): 253–264.
Gupta, R.P., Shukla, S.P. and Singh, N.P. 1991. Studies on wind erosion in the Indian Arid Zone. (In) Proceedings of the Workshop on Desertification Control in Arid Zones of India, pp. 135–141. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi.
Gupta, R.P., Srivastava, A. and Rai, L. 1990. Erosion hazard mapping in the arid region of Western Rajasthan, India. (In) Proceedings of International Workshop on Soil Erosion and Conservation, Vol. 2, pp. 907–914. Ministry of Agriculture and Water Management, Poland.
Gurmel, S.S., Kachwaha, G.R. and Gupta, J.P. 1998. Seedling growth of some arid zone woody species under induced water stress conditions. Annals of Arid Zone 37: 43–45.
Harsh, L.N., Meghwal, P.R., Ram, S. and Singh, S. 1997. Effects of different silvicultural systems on understorey productivity in Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 36(2): 121–127.
Harsh, L.N., Sharma, J.C. and Arvind, Kumar 1992. Soil properties under Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 31(3): 229–236.
Harsh, L.N., Singh, S., Ram, S. and Meghwal, P.R. 1996. Effect of Agroforestry Practices on Crop Productivity in Arid Region. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 201–211. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Harsh, L.N., Yadav, D.S. and Kumar, B. 1994. Sustainable land management in the Indian arid zone: some case studies. (In) Sustainable Development of the Indian Arid Zone, pp. 229–240. Singh, R.P. and Singh, S. (Eds.), Scientific Publisher, Jodhpur.
IARI. 1998. Resource conservation for sustainable dryland farming systems. Annual Report 1997–98, pp. 57–58.
IARI. 2004. Resource conservation for sustainable dryland farming systems. Annual Report 2003–04, pp. 59–60.
IARI. 2005. Resource conservation for sustainable dryland farming systems. Annual Report 2004–05, pp. 55–56.
ICAR. 2012. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2011–12, pp. 48–49.
ICAR. 2013. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2012–13, pp. 52–53.
ICAR. 2014. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2013–14, pp. 62–63.
ICAR. 2015. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2014–15, pp. 68–69.
ICAR. 2016. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2015–16, pp. 74–75.
ICAR. 2017. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2016–17, pp. 76–77.
ICAR. 2018. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2017–18, pp. 80–81.
ICAR. 2019. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2018–19, pp. 86–87.
ICAR. 2020. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2019–20, pp. 91–92.
ICAR. 2021. Resource utilization efficiency in integrated farming system (IFS). Annual Report 2020–21, pp. 96–97.
Jat, S.L., Singh, R. and Singh, R.K. 1991. Effect of soil and water conservation practices on crop productivity under arid conditions. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 39(4): 827–830.
Jayanthi, T. 1991. Salinity management of soil in arid and semi-arid regions. (In) Proceedings of the Workshop on Desertification Control in Arid Zones of India, pp. 63–69. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi.
Jayanthi, T. 2001. Management of soil and water resources in the arid regions. Agropedology 11: 33–40.
Jayanthi, T., Singh, S., Mathur, R.K. and Mukherjee, A.K. 1998. Soil physical and chemical properties in relation to tree productivity in Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 37: 269–276.
Jhala, Y.K. and Kumar, S. 1995. Indigenous agricultural technologies for desert area development. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 165–170. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Kachwaha, G.R., Gupta, J.P. and Gurmel, S.S. 2004. Moisture conservation and water use efficiency of different crops under arid conditions. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 52(1): 63–68.
Kachwaha, G.R., Gupta, J.P. and Gurmel, S.S. 2008. Nutrient and water use efficiency of Acacia tortilis and Cenchrus ciliaris under induced water stress conditions. Agroforestry Systems 74(3): 217–223.
Kalyan, A., Harsh, L.N. and Chouhan, B.R. 2004. Potential of khejri (Prosopis cineraria) in soil conservation and rehabilitation of degraded lands in arid western Rajasthan. Indian Forester 130(6): 623–632.
Kaul, P. and Gupta, J.P. 1981. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy 26(4): 547–553.
Kaul, P., Gupta, J.P. and Garg, K.C. 1979. Growth and nutrient uptake of barley (Hordeum vulgare) as influenced by phosphorus and lime in saline-sodic soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 27: 77–80.
Kaur, A., Bhanwaria, R.K., Kumar, S. and Singh, S. 2000. Agro-forestry: A productive land use system in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone 39: 355–359.
Kaur, A., Jhala, Y.K., Kumar, S. and Sharma, S.R. 1998. Agro-forestry for food security in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 465–477. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Kaur, A., Jhala, Y.K., Kumar, S. and Sharma, S.R. 1999. Agro-forestry for poverty alleviation in arid region. (In) Integrated Water Resource Management for Sustainable Development, pp. 253–264. Murthy, N.S., Gowariker, V., Bala Subramaniam, M. and Siddalingaiah, T.S. (Eds.), Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Kaur, A., Kumar, S., Jhala, Y.K. and Sharma, S.R. 1997. Agroforestry for food security and soil conservation in arid region. (In) Natural Resource Management: Soil, Water and Environment, pp. 145–156. Murthy, N.S., Gowariker, V., Bala Subramaniam, M. and Siddalingaiah, T.S. (Eds.), Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Kaur, J. and Kumar, S. 2005. Effect of agro-forestry on water use efficiency of mustard (Brassica juncea) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy 50(3): 180–183.
Kaur, J., Kumar, S. and Choudhary, V.K. 2007. Effect of planting geometry and fertility levels on productivity of khejri (Prosopis cineraria) under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Forestry 30(2): 125–128.
Kaur, R., Kaur, R., Singh, R. and Singh, G. 2005. Agroforestry: A means for rehabilitation of saline-sodic soils in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone 44: 261–266.
Keshwani, R.K. and Sharma, H.C. 2004. Resource use efficiency and productivity of rainfed pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes under arid ecosystem. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 74(3): 132–134.
Kewat, R.S., Singh, S. and Harsh, L.N. 1998. Biomass productivity of some tree species in agroforestry system in the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 37: 159–167.
Khandare, S.P. and Kachwaha, G.R. 2004. Biomass production and nutrient cycling of some tree species in arid region. (In) Integrated Water Resource Management for Sustainable Development, pp. 265–276. Murthy, N.S., Gowariker, V., Bala Subramaniam, M. and Siddalingaiah, T.S. (Eds.), Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Kumar, B., Harsh, L.N. and Meghwal, P.R. 1992. Soil erosion and sedimentation control in arid zone. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 20(2): 147–149.
Kumar, B., Harsh, L.N., Singh, S., Meghwal, P.R. and Singh, D. 1993. Effect of windbreaks on wind erosion control and soil fertility in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 32: 75–82.
Kumar, M., Choudhary, V.K., Singh, R. and Harsh, L.N. 1999. Biomass production and nutrient cycling in Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 38: 265–269.
Kumar, M., Kumar, S., Kaur, J. and Choudhary, V.K. 2007. Effect of Agroforestry Practices on Crop Productivity in Arid Region. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 213–222. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Kumar, M., Salaria, N., Bishnoi, O.P. and Meghwal, P.R. 2006. Soil and water conservation studies in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone 45(2): 163–168.
Kumar, R., Singh, R. and Harsh, L.N. 1995. Soil erosion and productivity of crops in the Indian arid zone. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 201–209. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Kumar, S. and Harsh, L.N. 1993. Impact of arid agriculture on land degradation. Annals of Arid Zone 32(3): 177–185.
Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2006. Agroforestry in arid regions of India: An overview. Indian Journal of Forestry 29(4): 383–392.
Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2007. Sustainable agroforestry practices in arid and semi-arid regions of India. Indian Forester 133(8): 1107–1119.
Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2008. Agroforestry for food security in arid regions. (In) Sustainable Dryland Agriculture: Recent Advances, pp. 139–152. Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Pathak, P., Singh, R.P., Sudi, R., Rego, T.J. and Malhotra, R.S. (Eds.), Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2009. Sustainable management of arid and semi-arid regions: A case study of Rajasthan. (In) Sustainable Dryland Agriculture: Recent Advances, pp. 47–54. Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Pathak, P., Singh, R.P., Sudi, R., Rego, T.J. and Malhotra, R.S. (Eds.), Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2010. Agroforestry for soil conservation and land rehabilitation in arid regions. (In) Advances in Soil and Water Conservation in India, pp. 451–460. Sharma, P.D., Abrol, V. and Bhat, R. (Eds.), ICAR, New Delhi.
Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2011. Agroforestry for sustainable land use in arid and semi-arid regions. (In) Advances in Agroforestry Research, pp. 79–92. Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. (Eds.), New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.
Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2012. Role of agroforestry in sustainable land management in arid and semi-arid regions of India. (In) Innovations in Sustainable Agriculture, pp. 195–206. Singh, R.B., Singh, K., Singh, B.P., Singh, N.T. and Sharma, D. (Eds.), M/s Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur.
Kumar, S., Jhala, Y.K. and Sharma, S.R. 1995. Biomass production and nutrient cycling in Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in the Indian arid zone. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 435–444. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Kumar, S., Jhala, Y.K. and Sharma, S.R. 2001. Agroforestry for food security and soil conservation in arid regions of India. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 451–460. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Kumar, S., Kaur, A., Jhala, Y.K. and Sharma, S.R. 1996. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 445–453. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Kumar, S., Kaur, A., Sharma, S.R. and Singh, S. 1997. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 467–475. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Kumar, S., Sharma, S.R., Kaur, A. and Jhala, Y.K. 2000. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 437–444. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Kumar, S., Singh, A., Kumar, N. and Jhala, Y.K. 2008. Influence of trees on physical and chemical properties of soil under agroforestry in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 463–471. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Kumar, S., Singh, S., Harsh, L.N., Meghwal, P.R. and Ram, S. 1996. Agroforestry: A means of sustainable development in the arid region. Indian Journal of Forestry 19(4): 347–352.
Kumar, S., Yadav, D.S. and Jhala, Y.K. 1994. Windbreaks and shelterbelts for controlling wind erosion and soil fertility improvement in the Indian arid zone. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 393–400. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Lal, B., Maikhuri, R.K., Phondani, P.C. and Rawat, L.S. 2001. Conservation of biodiversity through sacred groves and other traditional methods in the Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve. Indian Journal of Forestry 24(1): 27–36.
Lal, B., Singh, S.P., Maikhuri, R.K. and Rao, K.S. 1993. Agroforestry practices and soil conservation in a Himalayan Watershed. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 21(1): 33–37.
Lal, K., Sharma, D., Singh, R. and Kaur, S. 1995. Effect of Agro-forestry practices on soil and water conservation in arid region. (In) Natural Resource Management: Soil, Water and Environment, pp. 123–132. Murthy, N.S., Gowariker, V., Bala Subramaniam, M. and Siddalingaiah, T.S. (Eds.), Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Majumdar, B. and Palria, S. 1993. Soil erosion under agroforestry and its impact on soil productivity. Annals of Arid Zone 32(3): 215–222.
Mandal, U.K. and Patel, D.P. 2004. Effect of Agroforestry Practices on Crop Productivity in Arid Region. (In) Innovations in Sustainable Agriculture, pp. 229–240. Singh, R.B., Singh, K., Singh, B.P., Singh, N.T. and Sharma, D. (Eds.), M/s Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur.
Mani, P.S., Yadav, J. and Kashyap, S.P. 1993. Agroforestry for food security and soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 401–409. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Maurya, J.P., Singh, R. and Singh, N.P. 1997. Study on Agroforestry Practices in Arid Regions. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 211–219. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Meghwal, P.R. and Harsh, L.N. 1998. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 417–425. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Meghwal, P.R., Harsh, L.N., Ram, S. and Singh, S. 1997. Impact of different silvicultural systems on soil fertility and productivity of Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 36(4): 319–324.
Meghwal, P.R., Ram, S., Harsh, L.N. and Singh, S. 1998. Biomass production and nutrient cycling in Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in arid zone. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 451–463. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Nagar, R., Jhala, Y.K. and Harsh, L.N. 1993. Biomass production and nutrient cycling in Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 32: 181–186.
Nagar, R., Jhala, Y.K. and Singh, R. 1995. Impact of different soil and water conservation measures on soil fertility in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 415–426. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Nagar, R., Jhala, Y.K. and Singh, R. 1998. Effect of agroforestry on soil properties and fertility status in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone 37: 231–238.
Nagra, M.S., Singh, S. and Raju, P.S. 2001. Biomass production and nutrient cycling in Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in arid zone. Indian Journal of Forestry 24(3): 223–228.
Nagar, R., Singh, S. and Harsh, L.N. 1996. Biomass production and nutrient cycling in Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in arid zone. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 399–407. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Nathawat, N.S., Kumar, S. and Bhatnagar, P. 1997. Effect of Agro-forestry practices on the productivity of rainfed crops in arid region. (In) Natural Resource Management: Soil, Water and Environment, pp. 133–143. Murthy, N.S., Gowariker, V., Bala Subramaniam, M. and Siddalingaiah, T.S. (Eds.), Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Nathawat, N.S., Kumar, S., Chouhan, B.R. and Sharma, S.R. 2000. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 453–461. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Panwar, P. and Yadav, S.K. 1998. Soil and water conservation in the arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 427–435. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Patel, M.M., Sharma, H.C. and Kashyap, S.P. 1993. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 437–445. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Patel, S.M., Mridha, N. and Mishra, B.K. 2003. Resource use efficiency and productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) varieties under arid ecosystem. Indian Journal of Agronomy 48(3): 169–172.
Pathak, P., Kumar, S., Kumar, M. and Sharma, S.R. 1998. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 445–451. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Pawar, B.S., Sharma, A.P. and Singh, R. 1994. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 409–417. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Rajpurohit, B.S., Harsh, L.N. and Kumar, S. 1992. Soil erosion and productivity of crops in the Indian arid zone. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 20: 135–141.
Ram, S. and Singh, S. 1994. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 383–392. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Ram, S., Harsh, L.N., Meghwal, P.R. and Singh, S. 1997. Nutrient cycling in agroforestry systems in arid zone. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 477–485. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Ram, S., Meghwal, P.R., Harsh, L.N. and Singh, S. 1998. Impact of different silvicultural systems on soil fertility and productivity of Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 37(4): 291–297.
Rana, B.S., Kumar, S. and Singh, R. 1998. Soil erosion and productivity of crops in the Indian arid zone. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 409–417. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Rao, M., Singh, S., Harsh, L.N., Rajpurohit, B.S. and Kumar, S. 1996. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 485–493. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Salaria, N., Kumar, M. and Bishnoi, O.P. 2002. Resource use efficiency and productivity of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under arid ecosystem. Indian Journal of Agronomy 47(3): 361–364.
Salaria, N., Kumar, M. and Bishnoi, O.P. 2003. Nutrient uptake and use efficiency by rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in arid ecosystem. Indian Journal of Agronomy 48(1): 28–32.
Samra, J.S., Parihar, S.S., Benbi, D.K. and Kumar, B. 2001. Nutrient uptake by some oilseed crops as influenced by phosphorus fertilization in a rainfed agro-ecosystem. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 49(3): 503–505.
Sanjai, S., Verma, T.S., Rathore, B.S. and Dhillon, B.S. 1994. Resource use efficiency of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in relation to phosphorus levels and moisture regimes under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy 39(4): 650–653.
Sanjai, S., Verma, T.S., Rathore, B.S. and Dhillon, B.S. 1996. Effect of phosphorus levels and moisture regimes on growth, yield and water use of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 66(9): 529–532.
Saxena, A., Prakash, A. and Kandpal, B.K. 1992. Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to different levels of phosphorus under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 62(10): 666–668.
Saxena, H.M., Singh, P. and Sharma, Y.D. 1998. Nutrient uptake and use efficiency by mungbean (Vigna radiata) as influenced by phosphorus fertilization in arid ecosystem. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 46(4): 757–760.
Sehgal, J.L. and Mandal, D.K. 1998. Effect of phosphorus and moisture regimes on water use efficiency and phosphorus utilization in soybean (Glycine max) under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 68(8): 487–489.
Sehgal, J.L., Singh, R., Sharma, D.R. and Mandal, D.K. 1997. Response of mungbean (Vigna radiata) to different levels of phosphorus under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 67(8): 329–331.
Sehgal, J.L., Singh, R., Sharma, D.R. and Mandal, D.K. 1998. Response of lentil (Lens culinaris) to different levels of phosphorus under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 68(10): 656–658.
Sehgal, J.L., Singh, R., Sharma, D.R., Mandal, D.K. and Swarup, A. 2000. Effect of phosphorus and moisture regimes on water use efficiency of barley (Hordeum vulgare) under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 70(8): 545–547.
Sehgal, J.L., Singh, R., Sharma, D.R., Mandal, D.K. and Swarup, A. 2001. Response of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to phosphorus and moisture regimes under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 71(8): 513–516.
Sehgal, J.L., Sharma, D.R., Singh, R. and Mandal, D.K. 1998. Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to phosphorus and moisture regimes under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 68(8): 492–495.
Sehgal, J.L., Sharma, D.R., Singh, R., Mandal, D.K. and Swarup, A. 2000. Response of mustard (Brassica juncea) to different levels of phosphorus under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 70(9): 603–605.
Sehgal, J.L., Singh, R., Sharma, D.R., Mandal, D.K. and Swarup, A. 2001. Water use efficiency and phosphorus utilization by mustard (Brassica juncea) as influenced by phosphorus and moisture regimes under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 71(1): 27–30.
Sehgal, J.L., Singh, R., Swarup, A., Mandal, D.K. and Sharma, D.R. 1999. Response of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to phosphorus and moisture regimes under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 69(8): 556–559.
Sekhon, B.S. and Thakur, R.S. 1996. Phosphorus adsorption behaviour of arid soils as influenced by applied phosphorus. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 44(2): 306–308.
Sharma, H.C., Singh, R. and Kashyap, S.P. 1994. Agroforestry for soil conservation in arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 401–409. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Sharma, J., Meena, B.L., Garg, R.N. and Yadav, J. 1997. Soil and water conservation in the arid region. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 223–231. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Sharma, S.R., Jhala, Y.K. and Kumar, S. 1995. Biomass production and nutrient cycling in Acacia tortilis based agroforestry system in arid zone. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 453–461. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Sharma, S.R., Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 1999. Impact of windbreaks on soil fertility and crop productivity in the arid region. Indian Journal of Forestry 22(3): 218–222.
Sharma, S.R., Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2001. Windbreaks for controlling wind erosion and soil fertility improvement in the Indian arid zone. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 29(2): 135–138.
Sharma, S.R., Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2003. Agroforestry for controlling wind erosion and soil fertility improvement in arid zone. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 223–231. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Sharma, S.R., Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 2007. Agroforestry for controlling wind erosion and soil fertility improvement in arid zone. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 239–247. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Sharma, S.R., Kumar, S., Jhala, Y.K. and Vyas, A. 1999. Effect of windbreaks on soil fertility and crop productivity in the arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 463–471. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Sharma, S.R., Vyas, A., Kumar, S. and Jhala, Y.K. 1996. Impact of windbreaks on soil fertility and crop productivity in the arid region. (In) Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India, pp. 477–485. Faroda, A.S. and Singh, M. (Eds.), CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Sharma, V., Sharma, H.C., Kashyap, S.P. and Kumar, S. 1995. Soil erosion and productivity of crops in the Indian arid zone. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 201–209. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Sharma, V., Sharma, H.C., Kashyap, S.P. and Kumar, S. 1998. Soil erosion and productivity of crops in the Indian arid zone. (In) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Global Perspective, pp. 201–209. Pathak, P.S., Kumar, D., Wani, S.P., Singh, P., Rego, T.J., Gajri, P.R., Singh, R.P., Parmar, B.S. and Kaushal, R.K. (Eds.), New Delhi.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
