Yield attributes, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max) as influenced by integrated nutrient management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v49i4.5217Keywords:
----Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2000 and 2001 at the Indian Agricutlural Re- search Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] on its yield attributes, seed yield and quality attributes. The treatments included recommended rate of NPK fertilizers alone or in combination with zinc @ 25 kg ZnSOJha or FYM @ 5 tonneslha or biofetilizers or wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) residue incorporation @ 5 tonneslha. The application of recom- mended level of NPK with FYM and biofertilizers showed superiority for podslplant, seedslpod, 100-seed weight, seed yield, protein and oil content in soybean seed over the sole application of recommended NPK level. The combined application of NPK + FYM + biofertilizer recorded the highest number of podslplant (38.45 and 37.89), seedslpod (2.90 and 2.87) and 100-seed weight of soybean during 2000 and 2001 respectively. The highest pro- tein content was recorded in treatment receiving NPK + FYM + crop residue (39.43 and 38.12% in 2000 and 2001 respectively), while the highest oil content in treatment receiving NPK+FYM + BF.References
Yield attributes, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max) as influenced by integrated nutrient management
RANJIT SlNGH AND R-K. RAI
Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012
Received : March 2003
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2000 and 2001 at the Indian Agricutlural Re- search Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] on its yield attributes, seed yield and quality attributes. The treatments included recommended rate of NPK fertilizers alone or in combination with zinc @ 25 kg ZnSOJha or FYM @ 5 tonneslha or biofetilizers or wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) residue incorporation @ 5 tonneslha. The application of recom- mended level of NPK with FYM and biofertilizers showed superiority for podslplant, seedslpod, 100-seed weight, seed yield, protein and oil content in soybean seed over the sole application of recommended NPK level. The combined application of NPK + FYM + biofertilizer recorded the highest number of podslplant (38.45 and 37.89), seedslpod (2.90 and 2.87) and 100-seed weight of soybean during 2000 and 2001 respectively. The highest pro- tein content was recorded in treatment receiving NPK + FYM + crop residue (39.43 and 38.12% in 2000 and 2001 respectively), while the highest oil content in treatment receiving NPK+FYM + BF.
Soybean is a leguminous crop having high oil content in its seeds in addition to the high protein content. These characteristics make soybean the most important oil and protein crop in the world. In India, soybean is grown as an important oilseed crop and ranks second in production after groundnut. Soybean can also be easily processed into a number of processed food products like soya milk, soya cheese etc. It can give a boost to the food-processing in- dustry in rural areas. Soybean being a high protein and en- ergy crop has high nutrient requirements and its produc- tivity is often limited by the low availability of essential nu- trients or imbalanced nutrition forming one of the impor- tant constraints to soybean productivity in north India. Taking these into consideration, the present study was conducted to study the effect of nutrients application through organic and inorganic soruces on the yield at- tributes, yield and quality of soybean seeds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted at the IARI, New Delhi, during the rainy seasons of 2000 and 2001 under soybean-wheat cropping system approach. The experi- ments was conducted on sandy-loam soil having organic carbon 0.354%, nitrogen 17.60 kgha, available phospho- rus (P) 10.25 kgha, potash (K) 180.62 kgha, pH 7.8, EC dS1m 0.32, bulk density 1.52 Mg/m3, moisture content 17.80% at 0.33 MPa and 4.15% at 1.5 MPa. The sources of NPK were urea, single superphoshpate and muriate of potash. The N, P, K contents of FYM and crop residue (wheat) incorporated in the specified plots were 0.6,0.75 and 0.95 and 0.5, 0.2 and 1.0% respectively. The experi- ment was laid out in randomized block design with 3 rep- lications. There were 12 treatments consisting of recom- mended doses of NPK (32 kg N, 34.4 kg P, 33.6 kg Kha) applied alone and in combination with either 25 kg ZnSOJha or 5 tonnes FYM/ha or bio-fertilizer (Rhizobium or VAM) or wheat straw incorporation as crop residue @ 5 tonneslha or all these components were done as per rec- ommended practices and methods to have efficient utiliza- tion of the inputs particularly the various sources of nutri- ents. Soybean cultivar 'SL 295' was sown on 15 and 17 July during 2000 and 2001 respectively. The seed rate used was 75 kglha. The seed was sown in rows spaced 45 cm apart by seed drill method. The crop was irrigated as per its need.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The integrated use of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients increased the number of podslplant, number of seedslpod, test weight, seed and straw yields (Table 1). The treatments receiving combined application of NPK fer- tilizers along with FYM and biofertilizers proved to be an optimum for recording the highest number of podslplant, number of seedslpod and test weight. On the other hand,
Table 1. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield-contributing characters of soybean
Treatment Podslplant Seeds1 plant
NPK (100%) NPK + Zn NPK + FYM NPK + BF NPK + CR NPK + FYM + Zn NPK + FYM + BF NPK + FYM + CR NPK+FYM +BF+Zn NPK + FYM + BF + CR NPK+FYM +BF+CR+Zn Control
CD (P=0.05)
BF, Biofertilizer, CR, crop-residue
the treatments receiving only NPK fertilizers, NPK + Zn and NPK + crop residue registered significantly lesser number of pods. This might be result of reduced supply of nutrients at the late stages of crop growth which in le- gumes, usually result in pod shedding before maturity due to lesser supply of photosynthates towards the pods be- cause of drying and senescence of leaves. While the slightly lesser podsfplant in treatments were recommended rates of NPK fertilizers were applied in conjunction with FYM, biofertilizers and crop residue incorporation might be due to shedding of pods on account of lesser supply of photosynthates due to presence of parasitic leaves in crop canopy behaving as sinks and thus competing with pods for photosyntates. Similarly, the treatment NPK + FYM+BF recorded the highest number of seedsfpod which can also be explained on the basis of partitioning of photosynthates towards different sinks. The trend was also similar in case of 100-seed weight, but the difference between treatments except the control were short of sta- tistical significance.
The application of NPK fertilizers along with FYM and biofertilizers resulted in highest seed yield owing to im- proved leaf-area index, higher dry-matter accumulation, increased podsfplant, seedsfpod and higher 100-seed weight. The application of FYM and biofertilizers with recommended dose of NPK fertilizers resulted significantly higher seed yield than the treatment where only NPK fer- tilizers were applied along with wheat-residue incorpora- tion. This can be explained on the basis of lesser availabil- ity of nutrients, especially nitrogen to the crop at the later stages of crop growth when the root nodules degenerate and the nitrogen supply falls short of crop requirement during the pod-development phase of the crop receiving only NPK fertilizers. While in case where the wheat resi-
-seed Grain yield Straw yield Harvest index weight (g) (ma) (ma) (%I
due was incorporated along with NPK fertilizers, the short supply of nitrogen at initial stages because of its immobi- lization checks the proper growth and development of the crop which ultimately gets reflected in the seed yield. The combined application of NPK fertilizers along with FYM and biofertilizers also showed their superiority for straw yield and harvest index.
The beneficial effet of combined application of NPK fertilizers, FYM and biofertilizers was also manifested in higher root dry weight (Table 2). The higher dry-matter accumulation leading to more of photosynthates translo- cated towards roots, the root colonization by VAM and also enhanced nodulation of soybean roots due to the favourable rhizosphere environment created by the addi- tion of FYM in addition to the adequate supply of essential plant nutrients might be the factors responsible for higher root dry weight.
The protein and oil contents in soybean seed are strongly influenced by integrated nutrient management. Amongst various fertility treatments, the treatments where NPK + FYM + biofertilizers were applied recorded the highest protein and oil content. This could be explained on the basis of better availability of desired and required nutrients in crop root zone resulting from its solubiliza- tion caused by the organic acids produced from the de- caying organic matter and also the increased uptake by soybean roots due to their association with mycorrhizal filaments increasing the ascribing area of roots. Secondly, the available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic car- bon status of the soil improved with the integration of NPK fertilizers + FYM + biofertilizer application and crop- residue management which drew the valid inference of the use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources for higher production and stable soil health.
Table 2. Effect of integrated nutrient management on root dry rus in crop-root zone resulting from its solubilization weight, protein and oil content of soybean
cuased by the organic acids produced from the decaying organic matter and also the increased uptake by the
Treatment Root Protein Oil , dry weight content content soyban roots due to their association with mycorrhizal (glplant) (%I filaments increasing the ascribing area of roots. Similarly, theGeatments receiving the combined application of NPK
NPK (100%) 1.49
fertilizers, FYM, biofertilizers, crop-residue incorporation
NPK + Zn 1.68
with Zn recorded the highest K uptake which was signifi-
NPK + FYM 1.45
NPK + BF 2.01 cantly higher than the control and magnitude of response NPK + CR I .46 was superior to other treatments. NPK + FYM + Zn 1.76
The residual effect of integrated nutrient management
NPK + FYM + BF 2.14
significantly increased the grain yield of wheat. The com-
NPK + FYM + CR 1.56
bined application of NPK fertilizer at recommended rates,
NPK+FYM +BF+Zn 2.09 FYM and biofertilizers registered highest grain yield of
NPK+FYM +BF+CR 1.59
NPK+FYM +BF+CR+Zn 1.63 wheat which was significantly higher than the treatment Control 1.07 where only NPK fertilizers were applied (Table 3). This CD (P=0.05) 0.305
increase in wheat grain might be due to the increased avail- ability of essential nutrients to the crop resulting from the
BF, Biofertilizers; CR, crop residue cumulative effect of organic sources of nutrient applied to NPK uptake by soybean and its residual effect on both soybean and wheat grown in sequence. wheat grain yield The sufficient supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and po- Available nutrient status of soil at the end of the tassium from the different sources was responsible for sequence the significantly higher N, P and K uptake in soybean The soil organic carbon content (%) showed in in- compared to unfertilized control (Table 3). Also the differ- creasing trend with the integration of inorganic fertilizers ences between the treatments receiving recommended with the organic sources (Table 4); however, the treatment dose of NPK fertilizers either alone or in combination with differences did not reach up to level of significance. All organic sources remained non-signfiicant. The highest P the fertilizer treatments had a slight positive impact on the uptake was obtained in the treatment receiving combined organic carbon content (%) of the soil over the initial application of NPK fertilizers, FYM, biofertilizers and crop value, but the control treatment where no fertilizer or ma- residues which was significantly higher than the treat- nure was applied resulted in lower organic carbon content ments where only NPK fertilizers was applied or NPK fer- than the initial value. Among the different fertility treat- tilizers along with crop-residue incorporation. This could ments, the treatments where NPK fertilizers were applied be explained on the basis of better availability of phospho- in conjunction with FYM, biofertilizers and crop-residue
Table 3. Effect of integrated nutrient management on NPK uptake by soybean crop and its residual effect on grain yield of wheat
NPK (100%) NPK + Zn NPK + FYM NPK + BF NPK + CR NPK + FYM + Zn NPK + FYM + BF NPK + FYM + CR NPK + FYM + BF + Zn NPK + FYM + BF + CR NPK+FYM +BF+CR+Zn Control
CD (P=O.O5)
BF, Biofertilizer; CR, crop residue
