Residual effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum)

ANUP DAS; M. PRASAD; R.C. GAUTAM

doi:10.59797/ija.v49i3.5180

Authors

ANUP DAS
M. PRASAD
R.C. GAUTAM

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v49i3.5180

Keywords:

Residual effect, Direct effect, Nitrogen, Farmyard manure, Seed-cotton yield, Wheat yield

Abstract

The experiment conducted during rainy (kharifj and winter (rabl) seasons of 2001-2002 and 2002-03 under ir- rigated condition revealed that combined applicattion of 30 kg N and FYM @ 12 tonneslha along with Azotobacter (M,) recorded significantly higher NPK uptake, seed-cotton yield and total dry-matter production of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) compared to individual application of 30 kg Nlha, FYM @ 12 tonneslha as well as Azoto- bacter (M, or W, but remained at par with 60 kg Nlha alone. Maximum residual effect was observed with combined application of 30 kg N and FYM @ 12 tonneslha along with Az. M, or W, in terms of higher available N, P and K at harvest, that resulted in the marked improvement in the N uptake, yield attributes and yield of succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) crop. Similarly, higher yield attributes and yield of wheat was recorded with each increment of N up to 120 kglha to wheat.

References

Indian Joumal of Agronomy 49 (3):143-146 (September 2004)

Residual effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum)

ANUP DAS, M. PRASAD AND R.C. GAUTAM

Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012

Received :April 2003

The experiment conducted during rainy (kharifj and winter (rabl) seasons of 2001-2002 and 2002-03 under ir- rigated condition revealed that combined applicattion of 30 kg N and FYM @ 12 tonneslha along with Azotobacter (M,) recorded significantly higher NPK uptake, seed-cotton yield and total dry-matter production of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) compared to individual application of 30 kg Nlha, FYM @ 12 tonneslha as well as Azoto- bacter (M, or W,, but remained at par with 60 kg Nlha alone. Maximum residual effect was observed with combined application of 30 kg N and FYM @ 12 tonneslha along with Az. M, or W, in terms of higher available N, P and K at harvest, that resulted in the marked improvement in the N uptake, yield attributes and yield of succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) crop. Similarly, higher yield attributes and yield of wheat was recorded with each increment of N up to 120 kglha to wheat.

Key words :Residual effect, Direct effect, Nitrogen, Farmyard manure, Seed-cotton yield, Wheat yield

With the advent of short-duration varieties of cotton, cotton-wheat systems has become a dominant cropping system in northern India. The existing system of fertilizer management in cropping system is based on the nutrient requirement of individual crop, ignoring the carry-over effect of manure or fertilizer applied to the preceding crop. Indications are available of saving some fertilizers, if fer- tilizer management is done for the cropping system. Re- sidual effect may be more pronounced for organic ma- nures like farmyard manure as only part of its nutrient content is available to the first crop. Organic sources of nutrients applied to the preceding crop benefits the succeedings crop to a great extent (Hegde, 1998) and the system productivity becomes sustainable through inte- grated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients (Singh and Yadav, 1992). With this background, the present investigation was undertaken to study the residual effect of organic and inorganic sources of N applied to cotton on performance of wheat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The field experiment was conducted at the IARI, New Delhi, during the rainy (kharif)and winter (rabi)seasons of 2001-02 and 2002-2003 on sandy-loam soil uqder ir- rigated condition. The trial on cotton was laid out in ran- domized block design and that of wheat in split-plot de- sign with 3 replications. The treatments on cotton com- prised 11 treatments, viz. TI, control; T,, 30 kg Nka; T,, 60 kg N/ha; T,, Az. M,; T,, Az. W,; T,, FYM @ 12 tonnesha; T,, 30 kg Nka + Az. M,; T,, 30 kg Nka +Az. W,; T,, 30 kg Nha + FYM @ 12 tonnesha; T,,, 30 kg N/ ha + FYM @ 12 tonnesfha + Az. M,; and T,,, 30 kg Nka

+FYM @ 12 tonnesha + Az. W,. For wheat, each plot of cotton was taken as main plot and it was divided into 3 sub-plots wherein, 3 levels of N, viz. N,: 0,60 and 120 kg/ ha, were applied randomly. The cotton cultivar 'Pusa 8-6', was sown at a spacing of 75 cm x 30 cm and that of wheat variety 'HD 2285' at a row to row spacing of 22.5 cm. The soil of the experimental field was low in available N (average 23 1 kgha) and medium in available P,O, (20.5 kgka) and K20 (242 kgha). The pH and organic carbon content of the soil were 7.9 and 0.41% respectively.Azo-tobacter strains (M, and W,) were obtained from Micro- biology Division, IARI, New Delhi, and inoculated cot- ton. Half of the N was applied as basal and remaining half top-dressed at square initiation stage in case of cotton and panicle initiation stage in case of wheat. Well decomposed FYM (0.5% N) was applied before sowing and incorpo- rated in to the soil.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nutrient uptake

Significantly higher N, P and K uptake by cotton was observed with combined application of 30 kg N and FYM @ 12 tonneslha along with Az. M, or W, compared to single application of 30 kg Nka, FYM @ 12 tonneska or

DAS ETAL. [Vol. 49, No. 3

Az. M, or W, but remained at par with combined applica- tion of 30 kg N and FYM @ 12 tonnesha as well as 60 kg Nlha alone. As regard to N, this might be due to initial quick availability of N from inorganic source, and later from organic source, that led highr N uptake of cotton. Secondly, CO, produced during mineralization of organic matter play important role in solubilization of native P. Higher K uptake might be due to better soil condition and reduced K fixation. Similar findings were also reported by Pagaria et al. (1995).

Cotton yield

The seed cotton yield and total dry matter production of cotton increased significantly with each increment of N up to 60 kg Nha. Mayilasamy and Iruthayayaraj (1980) and Singh et al. (1981) also reported that increase in yield as a results of N applicatin was not only due to N alone but also due to increased P and K removal by the plant. Highest seed cotton yield and total dry matter production were recorded with integrated application of all the 3 N sources (fertilizer N, FYM and Azotobacter), followed by the same combination but without Azotobacter. Applica- tion of 30 kg Nha, recorded significantly higher seed cot- ton yield over the control, but remained at par with FYM @ 12 tonnesha and 30 kg Nha in combination with Azo- tobacter (M, or W,). Higher yield with combined source of nutrient might be due to efficient utilization of nutrients compared to single source. Moreover, organics like FYM supplied some micronutrients besides major nutrients and Azotobacter secrete some beneficial growth promoting substances that might have helped in higher boll retention and improved boll weight. Similar results were reported by Katkar et al. (2002). Two Azotobacter strains showed non-significant effect on seed cotton yield and total dry matter production of cotton.

Soil fertility

Nitrogen management practices has brought about significant variation in phoshorus status of soil and non- significant variation in nitrogen and potassium status at harvest. Highest improvement in soil fertility was ob- served with FYM@ 12 tonnesha especially when applied with fertilizer N and Azotobacter. Increase in available nitrogen might be due to the direct addition of the N thought FYM and greater multiplication of soil microbes which could convert organically bound N to inorganic form. Increase in available phosphofis might be due to de- composition of organic matter. The organic materials forms a cover on sesquioxide and thus reduces the phos- phate fixing capacity of the soil. Higher availability of potassium could be ascribed to addition of potassium to the available pool of the soil besides the reduction in po-

September 20041 RESIDUAL EFFECT OF N ON SUCCEEDING WHEAT

tassium fixation and release of potassium due to interac- FYM@ 12 tonnesha coupled with AZ.M,or W, followed tion of organic matter with clay. The results are in line by the same combination but without Azotobacter. In gen- with the findings of Katkar et al. (2002). eral, it was observed that residual effect of FYM either

alone or in combination with fertilizer N and Azotobocter Residual effect on succeedings wheat was most pronounced on succeeding wheat over fertilizer

Yield attributes and grain yield of wheat: Residual ef- N and Azotobacter alone. Similar results were also indi- fect of N management paractices in cotton caused market cated by Ramprakash and Prasad (2000). variation in the yield attributes (ears/m2, graindear and test Direct effect of N application to wheat was more pro- weight) and grain yield of succeeding wheat crop (Table nounced over residual effect. Yield attributes and grain 3). Grainstear varied significantly, whereas ears/m2 and yield of wheat improved significantly with each increment

test weight varied non-significantly due to residual effect in N up to 120 kglha. This could be ascribed to higher of N management in cotton. Highest value of all the yield nutrient availability and subsequent higher production of attributes and grain yeild of wheat was observed with re- photosynthates that led to higher yield and biomass pro- sidual effect of combined application of 30 kg Nha and duction (Narang et al., 2000).

Table 2. Soil fertility status (kgiha) at harvest of cotton as influenced by organic and inorganic sources of N

Treatment Available N Available P20, Available K20

2002 200 1 2002 2001 2002

kg Nha

zotobacter (Az.) M,

zotobacter (Az.) W,

Farmyard manure (FYM)@ 12 tonnesha

kg Nha +Az. M,

kg Nha +Az. W,

kg Nha +FYM

kg Nlha +FYM +Az. M,

kg Nha +FYM +Az. W, CD (P=0.05)

Table 3. Residual effect of organic and inorganic sources of N applied to cotton on succeeding wheat crop

~ --p---ppppp

Ears1 m2 Grains1 ear Test weight (8) Grain yield (tonnesha) N uptake (kgha)

2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

Residual effect

Control 292

kg Nlha 60 kg Nlha Azotobacter (Az.) M4 Azotobacter (Az.) W, Farmyard manure (FYM) @12 tonnesha 30 kg Nlha +Az. M4 30 kg Nha +Az. W, 30 kg Nlha +FYM 30 kg Nha FYM +Az. M, 30 kg Nha +FYM +Az. W, CD (P=0.05) 295 297 295 294 302 297 297 302 306 -305 NS

Direct effect

kg Nha 60 kg Nlha 120 kg Niha CD (P=0.05) 260 303 33 1 10.50

DAS ET AL. [Vol. 49, No. 3

Nitrogen uptake of wheat

Highest N uptake was observed with residual effect of combined application of all the three N sources (30 kg NI ha, FYM@ 12 tonneslha and Azotobacter) followed by the same combination but without Azotobacter, both of which were at par with residual effect of 60 kg Nha and FYM @ 12 tonnesha alone. Lowest N uptake was noticed with residual control (no nitrogen to cotton). Singh et al. (1981) also concluded that application of FYM @ 12 tonnesha to kharifcrop could substitute 30 kg Nha dur- ing kharifand 20 kg Nha during rabi (residual effect on wheat). Similar results were also observed by Ramprakash and Prasad (2000).

Nitrogen increased significantly with successive higher N levels up to 120 kg Nha Gonita and Joshi (2000) also reported increase in N uptake with higher N level.

It could be concluded that combined application of or- ganic and inorganic source of nitrogen not only gave higher seed cotton yield but also mainatained soil fertility. It also showed a market residual effect on the nutrient up- take and grain yield of succeeding wheat crop and there- by could sustain the productivity of cotton-wheat system.

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