Rhizospheric environment and crop productivity: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v53i1.4826Keywords:
Balanced nutrition, Biological N, fixation, Crop productivity, Residue recycling, Rhizosphere, Rice-wheat rotation, Sugarcane, Water use efficiencyAbstract
Dwarf architecture of wheat and rice plants and their extensive cultivation made India a nation of food surplus. Realisation of higher crop yield required intensive use of fertilizers and water, which in turn resulted in over-exploi- tation of natural resources, leading to decline in factor productivity, soil organic C content, groundwqter table and multiple-nutrient deficiencies. Therefore, it has became essential to manage natural resources to sustain health and fertility status of the soil for maintaining adequate supply of water and nutrients to the crop plants. The rhizospheric environment, which regulates the dynamics of water and nutrient availability as well as their uptake by the roots from the soil, is crucial in this regard. Soil organic matter plays a key role in sustaining soil health. It has been envisaged that increase in the use of legumes in crop rotation, green manuring, organic mulches, farmyard manure (FYM), residue recycling, biological N, fixers and mycorrhizal associations along with effective use of soil microbes hold the key to sustain appropriate rhizospheric environment and crop productivity.References
Abrol, I.P. and Gupta, R.K. 1994. Managing salt affected soils and poor quality irrigation water for sustained crop productivity. In: Resource Management for Sustained Crop production, pp 102-123. Sadaphal, M.N. and De, R. (Eds). Indian Soci- ety of Agronomy, New Delhi.
Abrol, I.P., Bronson, K.E., Duxbury, J.M. and Gupta, R.K. 1997. Long- term soil fertility experiments in rice-wheat cropping systems. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Rice-Wheat Consortium in Indo-Gangetic Plains, held at Surajkund, Haryana during 15-18 October 1996.
Beri, V., Meelu, O.P. and Khind, C.S. 1989. Studies on Sesbania aculeata Pers. as green manure for N accumulation and sub- stitution of fertiliser N in wetland rice. TropicalAgriculture
: 209-212.
Bertin, C., Yang, X. and Weston, L.A. 2003. The role of root exu- dates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil
: 67-83. Brundrett, M.C. 2002. Co-evolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New Phytologist 154: 275-304.
Cheng, W., Johnson, D.W. and Fu, S. 2003. Rhizosphere effects on decomposition: control of plant species, phenology, and fer- tilization. Journal Soil Science Society ofAmerica 67: 1418-1427.
De, P.K. 1939. The role of blue-green algae in nitrogen fixation in rice fields. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (sex B) 127: 121-139.
Dikes, N.B., Jones, D.L. and Farrar, J.E. 2004. Temporal dynamics of carbon partitioning and rhizodeposition in wheat. Plant Physiology 134: 706715.
Foster, R.C. 1986. The ultrastructure of the rhizoplane and rhizo- sphere.Annual Review of Phytopathology 24: 211-234.
Frank, A.B. 1885. Uber die auf wurzelsymbiose beruhende erna hrung gewisser ba ume durch unterirsischepilze. Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell. 3:12&145.
Gahoonia, T.S. and Nielsen, N.E. 1992. The effects of root-induced pH changes on the depletion of inorganic and organic phos- phorus in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil 143: 185-191.
Gahoonia, T.S. and Nielsen, N.E. 2003. Phosphorus (P) uptake and growth of a root hairless barley mutant (bald root barley, brb) and wild type in low- and high-P soils. Plant, Cell and Environment 26: 1759-1766.
Gahoonia, T.S., Care, D. and Nielsen, N.E. 1997. Root hairs and phosphorus acquisition of wheat and barley cultivars. Plant and Soil 191: 181-188.
Gaur, A.C. 1985. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and their role in plant growth and crop yields. In: Proceedings of Na- tional Symposium on Soil Biology, held at Hisar, pp. 125-
Ge, Z., Rubio, G. and Lynch, J.P. 2000. The importance of root gravitropism for inter-root competition and phosphorus ac- quisition efficiency: results form geometric simulation model. Plant and Soil 218: 159-171.
Gregory, P. 2006. Plant Roots: Growth, Activity and Interaction with Soils, 318 pp. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford, U.K.
Gilory, S. and Jones, D.L. 2000. Through form to function: root hair development and nutrient uptake. Trends in Plant Science 5: 56-60.
Gregory, P.J. and Atwell, B.J. 1991. The fate of carbon in pulse-la- belled crops of barley and wheat. Plant and Soil 136: 205-
Hawes, M.C., Bengough, A.G., Cassab, G and Ponce, G. 2003. Root caps and rhizosphere. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation
: 352-367.
Hiltner, L. 1904. Uber neuere erfahrungen und probleme auf dem gebiete der bondenbakteriologie unter besonderer berucksichtigung der grundungung und brache. Arbeiten der Deutschen Landwirtschaftlichen Gesellschaft 98: 59-78.
Hinsinger, P. 1998. How do plant roots acquire mineral nutrients? Chemical processes involved in the rhizosphere. Advances in Agronomy 64: 225-265.
IARI. 1995. Investigation on sustainability of rice-wheat cropping system. In: NARP Report on Basic Research on Rice-Wheat Cropping System, pp. 84-118.
Jenny, H. and Raychaudhury, S.P. 1960. Effect of Climate and Cul- tivation on Nitrogen and Organic Matter Reserves in Indian Soils. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Jensen, B. 1994. Rhizodeposition by field-grown winter barley ex- posed to 14C0, pulse-labelling. Applied Soil Ecology 1:65-
Jones, D.L. 1998. Organic acids in the rhizosphere -a critical re- view. Plant and Soil 205: 2544.
Jones, D.L., Hodge, A. and Kuzyakov, Y. 2004. Plant mycorrhizal regulation of rhizodeposition. New Phytologist 163: 459-
Kanwar, J. S. (Ed.). 1976. Soil Fertility: Theory and Practice, 533 pp. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Katayama, K., Adu-Gyamfi, J., Devi, G., Rao, T.P. and Ito, 0.1996a. Root system development of component crops in intercrop- ping. In: Dynamics of Roots and Nitrogen in Cropping Sys- tems of the Semi-Arid Tropics, pp. 199-209. Ito, O., Johansen, C. Adu-Gyamfi, J., Katayama, K., Kumar Rao,
J.V.D. and Rego, T.J. (Eds). Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Katayama, K.,Adu-Gyamfi, J., Devi, G, Rao, T.P. and Ito, 0.1996b. Balance sheet of nitrogen from atmosphere, fertilizer, and soil in pigeonpea-based intercrops. In: Dynamics of Roots and Nitrogen in Cropping Systems of the Semi-Arid Tropics, pp. 341-350. Ito, O., Johansen, C. Adu-Gyamfi, J., Katayama, K., Kumar Rao, J.V.D. and Rego, T.J. (Eds). Ja- pan International Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Katyal, J.C., Sharma, K.L. and Srinivas, K. 1997. Sulphur in Agri- culture. In: Proceedings, TSI-FAIIFA Symposium on Sul- phur in Balanced Fertilisation, pp. 1-12. Fertiliser Associa- tion of India, New Delhi.
Krantz, B.A., Nelson, W.L., Welch, C.D. and Hall, N.S. 1949. A comparison of phosphorus utilization by crops. Soil Science
: 171-177.
Ladha, J.K., Fisher, M. Hossain, K.S., Hobbs, P.R. and Hardy, B. (Eds.). 2000. Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of Rice-Wheat Systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains: a Syn- thesis of NARS-IRRI Partnership Research. IRRI Discussion ' Paper Series No. 40, Los Banos, Philippines.
Lamont, B.B. 2003. Structure, ecology and physiology of root clus-
-ters :a review. Plant and Soil 248: 1-19.
Lynch, J.M. 1990. Introduction: Some consequences of microbial rhizosphere competence for plant and soil: In: The Rhizo- sphere, pp. 1-10. Lynch, J.M. (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Manchanda, H.R. 1993. Management of brackish waters for irriga- tion. In: Important Aspects of On-farm Water Management. Singh, D.P. and Sharma, H.C. (Eds). CCS Haryana Agricul- tural University, Hisar.
Martin, J.K. and Merkx, R. 1992. The partitioning of photosyntheti- cally fixed carbon within the rhizosphere of mature wheat. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 1147-1156.
McCully, M.E. 1999. Roots in soil: unearthing the complexities of roots and their rhizospheres. Annual Review of Plant Physi- ology and Plant Molecular Biology 50: 695-708.
Narnbiar, K.K.M. 1994. Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Long-term Fertiliser Use in India. Indian Council of Agri- cultural Research, New Delhi.
Natarajan, M. and Willey, R.W. 1980. Sorghum-pigeonpea inter- cropping and the effects of plant population density. 11. Re- source use. Journal ofAgricultura1 Science, Cambridge 95: 59-65.
Olofsdotter, M. 2001. Rice -a step toward use of allelopathy. Agronomy Journal 93: 3-8.
Pasricha, N.S. and Aulakh, M.S. 1997. Sulphur -an emerging defi- cient nutrient. In: Plant Nutrient Needs, Supply, Eficiency and Policy Issues: 2000-2025, pp. 265-275. Kanwar, J.S. and Katyal, J.C. (Eds.). NAAS, New Delhi.
Robinson, D. 1994. The response of plants to non-uniform supplies of nutrients. New Phytologists 127: 635-674.
Rovira, A.D. 1965. Plant root exudates and their influence upon soil microorganisms. In: Ecology of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens: Prelude to Biological Control Baker, pp. 170-184. K.F. and Synder, W.C. (Eds). University of California, Berkeley, the USA.
Salt, D.E., Smith, R.D. and Raskin, I. 1998. Phytoremediation. An-nual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biol- ogy 49: 643-668.
Singh, D., Yadav, R.L., Singh, J.P. and Pandey, R. 2003. Effect of intercropped prickly sesban green manure and nitrogen lev- els on growth and yield of sugarcane. Indian Journal ofAg- ricultural Sciences 73: 482489.
Singh, G.B., Yadav, D.V. and Yaduvanshi, N.P.S. 1993. Effects of intercropped green manuring, fertilizer nitrogen and planting techniques on the soil nutrients and yield andjuice quality of late planted sugarcane in sub-tropical India. Indian Journal of Sugarcane Technology 8: 5-19.
Singh, K., Yadav, R. L., Singh, B., Hora, B.S., Singh, R.V. and Singh, R.A. 1984. Ring method of planting sugarcane : a new technique. Biological Memoirs 9: 161-166.
Singh, K.P., Suman, A., Singh, P.N. and Srivastava, T.K. 2007. Im- proving quality of sugarcane growing soils by organic amendments under subtropical conditions of India. Biology and Fertility of Soil 44: 367-376.
March 20081 RHIZOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT ANDCROP PRODUCTIVITY
Singh, R.C., Faroda, A.S. and Lal, S. 1981. Pulses in aid of nitrogen economy. Indian Farming 30(10): 3-4. Singh, V.K., Dwivedi, B.S., Shukla,A.K, Chauhan,Y.S. andYadav,
R.L. 2005. Diversification of rice with pigeonpea in a rice- wheat cropping system on a udic Ustochrept: effect on soil fertility, yield and nutrient use efficiency. Field Crops Re- search 92: 85-105.
Singh. Y., Singh, B. Khera, T.S. and Meelu, O.P. 1994. Integrated management of green-manure, farm yard manure and nitro- gen fertiliser in rice-wheat rotation in north-westem India. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 8: 199-205.
Subba Rao, N.S. 1986. Soil Microorganisms and Plant Growth, pp.
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Suman, A., Gaur, A., Shrivastava,A.K. and Yadav, R.L. 2005. Im- proving sugarcane growth and nutrient uptake by inoculat- ing Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Plant Growth and Regulation 47: 155-162.
van Noordwijik, M. and de Willigen, P. 1987. Agricultural concepts of roots: from morphogeneic to functional equilibrium be- tween root and shoot growth. Netherlands Journal ofAg- ricultural Science 35: 487-496.
Yadav, R.L. 1981. Intercropping pigeonpea to conserve fertiliser nitrogen in maize and produce residual effect on sugarcane. Experimental Agriculture 17: 311-315.
Yadav, R.L. 1982. Minimising nitrate-nitrogen leaching by parallel
multiple cropping in long duration row crops. Experimental Agriculture 18: 37-42. Yadav, R.L. 1996. Cropping system. In: 50 Years of Crops Science Research in India, pp 117-128. Paroda, R.S. and Chadha, K.
L. (Eds.). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Yaday, R.L. 2003. Enhancing efficiency of fertilizer N use in rice- wheat systems of Indo-Gangetic plains by intercropping Sesbania aculeata in direct-seeded upland rice for green manuring. Bioresource Technology 93: 213-215.
Yadav, R. and Prasad, S.R. 1992. Conserving the organic matter content of the soil to sustain sugarcane yield. Experimental Agriculture 28: 57-62.
Yadav, R.L. and Verma, R.P. 1995. Crop residue management to conserve soil organic matter content in sugarcane-based crop rotations. Bioresource Technology 51: 241-245.
Yadav, R.L., Prasad, S.R., Singh, R. and Srivastava, V.K. 1994. Recycling sugarcane trash to conserve soil organic carbon for sustaining yields of successive ratoon crops in sugarcane. Bioresource Technology 48: 960-965.
Yadav, R.L., Shukla, S.K., Suman, A. Singh, P.N. 2008. Tricho-derma inoculation with trash mulch in ratoon sugarcane for improving rhizospheric environment in udic Ustrochrept soil in Indo-Gangetic Plain of sub-tropical India. Biology and Fertility of Soils (in press).Abrol, I.P. and Gupta, R.K. 1994. Managing salt affected soils and poor quality irrigation water for sustained crop productivity. In: Resource Management for Sustained Crop production, pp 102-123. Sadaphal, M.N. and De, R. (Eds). Indian Soci- ety of Agronomy, New Delhi.
Abrol, I.P., Bronson, K.E., Duxbury, J.M. and Gupta, R.K. 1997. Long- term soil fertility experiments in rice-wheat cropping systems. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Rice-Wheat Consortium in Indo-Gangetic Plains, held at Surajkund, Haryana during 15-18 October 1996.
Beri, V., Meelu, O.P. and Khind, C.S. 1989. Studies on Sesbania aculeata Pers. as green manure for N accumulation and sub- stitution of fertiliser N in wetland rice. TropicalAgriculture
: 209-212.
Bertin, C., Yang, X. and Weston, L.A. 2003. The role of root exu- dates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil
: 67-83. Brundrett, M.C. 2002. Co-evolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New Phytologist 154: 275-304.
Cheng, W., Johnson, D.W. and Fu, S. 2003. Rhizosphere effects on decomposition: control of plant species, phenology, and fer- tilization. Journal Soil Science Society ofAmerica 67: 1418-1427.
De, P.K. 1939. The role of blue-green algae in nitrogen fixation in rice fields. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (sex B) 127: 121-139.
Dikes, N.B., Jones, D.L. and Farrar, J.E. 2004. Temporal dynamics of carbon partitioning and rhizodeposition in wheat. Plant Physiology 134: 706715.
Foster, R.C. 1986. The ultrastructure of the rhizoplane and rhizo- sphere.Annual Review of Phytopathology 24: 211-234.
Frank, A.B. 1885. Uber die auf wurzelsymbiose beruhende erna hrung gewisser ba ume durch unterirsischepilze. Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell. 3:12&145.
Gahoonia, T.S. and Nielsen, N.E. 1992. The effects of root-induced pH changes on the depletion of inorganic and organic phos- phorus in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil 143: 185-191.
Gahoonia, T.S. and Nielsen, N.E. 2003. Phosphorus (P) uptake and growth of a root hairless barley mutant (bald root barley, brb) and wild type in low- and high-P soils. Plant, Cell and Environment 26: 1759-1766.
Gahoonia, T.S., Care, D. and Nielsen, N.E. 1997. Root hairs and phosphorus acquisition of wheat and barley cultivars. Plant and Soil 191: 181-188.
Gaur, A.C. 1985. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and their role in plant growth and crop yields. In: Proceedings of Na- tional Symposium on Soil Biology, held at Hisar, pp. 125-
Ge, Z., Rubio, G. and Lynch, J.P. 2000. The importance of root gravitropism for inter-root competition and phosphorus ac- quisition efficiency: results form geometric simulation model. Plant and Soil 218: 159-171.
Gregory, P. 2006. Plant Roots: Growth, Activity and Interaction with Soils, 318 pp. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford, U.K.
Gilory, S. and Jones, D.L. 2000. Through form to function: root hair development and nutrient uptake. Trends in Plant Science 5: 56-60.
Gregory, P.J. and Atwell, B.J. 1991. The fate of carbon in pulse-la- belled crops of barley and wheat. Plant and Soil 136: 205-
Hawes, M.C., Bengough, A.G., Cassab, G and Ponce, G. 2003. Root caps and rhizosphere. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation
: 352-367.
Hiltner, L. 1904. Uber neuere erfahrungen und probleme auf dem gebiete der bondenbakteriologie unter besonderer berucksichtigung der grundungung und brache. Arbeiten der Deutschen Landwirtschaftlichen Gesellschaft 98: 59-78.
Hinsinger, P. 1998. How do plant roots acquire mineral nutrients? Chemical processes involved in the rhizosphere. Advances in Agronomy 64: 225-265.
IARI. 1995. Investigation on sustainability of rice-wheat cropping system. In: NARP Report on Basic Research on Rice-Wheat Cropping System, pp. 84-118.
Jenny, H. and Raychaudhury, S.P. 1960. Effect of Climate and Cul- tivation on Nitrogen and Organic Matter Reserves in Indian Soils. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Jensen, B. 1994. Rhizodeposition by field-grown winter barley ex- posed to 14C0, pulse-labelling. Applied Soil Ecology 1:65-
Jones, D.L. 1998. Organic acids in the rhizosphere -a critical re- view. Plant and Soil 205: 2544.
Jones, D.L., Hodge, A. and Kuzyakov, Y. 2004. Plant mycorrhizal regulation of rhizodeposition. New Phytologist 163: 459-
Kanwar, J. S. (Ed.). 1976. Soil Fertility: Theory and Practice, 533 pp. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Katayama, K., Adu-Gyamfi, J., Devi, G., Rao, T.P. and Ito, 0.1996a. Root system development of component crops in intercrop- ping. In: Dynamics of Roots and Nitrogen in Cropping Sys- tems of the Semi-Arid Tropics, pp. 199-209. Ito, O., Johansen, C. Adu-Gyamfi, J., Katayama, K., Kumar Rao,
J.V.D. and Rego, T.J. (Eds). Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Katayama, K.,Adu-Gyamfi, J., Devi, G, Rao, T.P. and Ito, 0.1996b. Balance sheet of nitrogen from atmosphere, fertilizer, and soil in pigeonpea-based intercrops. In: Dynamics of Roots and Nitrogen in Cropping Systems of the Semi-Arid Tropics, pp. 341-350. Ito, O., Johansen, C. Adu-Gyamfi, J., Katayama, K., Kumar Rao, J.V.D. and Rego, T.J. (Eds). Ja- pan International Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Katyal, J.C., Sharma, K.L. and Srinivas, K. 1997. Sulphur in Agri- culture. In: Proceedings, TSI-FAIIFA Symposium on Sul- phur in Balanced Fertilisation, pp. 1-12. Fertiliser Associa- tion of India, New Delhi.
Krantz, B.A., Nelson, W.L., Welch, C.D. and Hall, N.S. 1949. A comparison of phosphorus utilization by crops. Soil Science
: 171-177.
Ladha, J.K., Fisher, M. Hossain, K.S., Hobbs, P.R. and Hardy, B. (Eds.). 2000. Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of Rice-Wheat Systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains: a Syn- thesis of NARS-IRRI Partnership Research. IRRI Discussion ' Paper Series No. 40, Los Banos, Philippines.
Lamont, B.B. 2003. Structure, ecology and physiology of root clus-
-ters :a review. Plant and Soil 248: 1-19.
Lynch, J.M. 1990. Introduction: Some consequences of microbial rhizosphere competence for plant and soil: In: The Rhizo- sphere, pp. 1-10. Lynch, J.M. (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Manchanda, H.R. 1993. Management of brackish waters for irriga- tion. In: Important Aspects of On-farm Water Management. Singh, D.P. and Sharma, H.C. (Eds). CCS Haryana Agricul- tural University, Hisar.
Martin, J.K. and Merkx, R. 1992. The partitioning of photosyntheti- cally fixed carbon within the rhizosphere of mature wheat. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 1147-1156.
McCully, M.E. 1999. Roots in soil: unearthing the complexities of roots and their rhizospheres. Annual Review of Plant Physi- ology and Plant Molecular Biology 50: 695-708.
Narnbiar, K.K.M. 1994. Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Long-term Fertiliser Use in India. Indian Council of Agri- cultural Research, New Delhi.
Natarajan, M. and Willey, R.W. 1980. Sorghum-pigeonpea inter- cropping and the effects of plant population density. 11. Re- source use. Journal ofAgricultura1 Science, Cambridge 95: 59-65.
Olofsdotter, M. 2001. Rice -a step toward use of allelopathy. Agronomy Journal 93: 3-8.
Pasricha, N.S. and Aulakh, M.S. 1997. Sulphur -an emerging defi- cient nutrient. In: Plant Nutrient Needs, Supply, Eficiency and Policy Issues: 2000-2025, pp. 265-275. Kanwar, J.S. and Katyal, J.C. (Eds.). NAAS, New Delhi.
Robinson, D. 1994. The response of plants to non-uniform supplies of nutrients. New Phytologists 127: 635-674.
Rovira, A.D. 1965. Plant root exudates and their influence upon soil microorganisms. In: Ecology of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens: Prelude to Biological Control Baker, pp. 170-184. K.F. and Synder, W.C. (Eds). University of California, Berkeley, the USA.
Salt, D.E., Smith, R.D. and Raskin, I. 1998. Phytoremediation. An-nual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biol- ogy 49: 643-668.
Singh, D., Yadav, R.L., Singh, J.P. and Pandey, R. 2003. Effect of intercropped prickly sesban green manure and nitrogen lev- els on growth and yield of sugarcane. Indian Journal ofAg- ricultural Sciences 73: 482489.
Singh, G.B., Yadav, D.V. and Yaduvanshi, N.P.S. 1993. Effects of intercropped green manuring, fertilizer nitrogen and planting techniques on the soil nutrients and yield andjuice quality of late planted sugarcane in sub-tropical India. Indian Journal of Sugarcane Technology 8: 5-19.
Singh, K., Yadav, R. L., Singh, B., Hora, B.S., Singh, R.V. and Singh, R.A. 1984. Ring method of planting sugarcane : a new technique. Biological Memoirs 9: 161-166.
Singh, K.P., Suman, A., Singh, P.N. and Srivastava, T.K. 2007. Im- proving quality of sugarcane growing soils by organic amendments under subtropical conditions of India. Biology and Fertility of Soil 44: 367-376.
March 20081 RHIZOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT ANDCROP PRODUCTIVITY
Singh, R.C., Faroda, A.S. and Lal, S. 1981. Pulses in aid of nitrogen economy. Indian Farming 30(10): 3-4. Singh, V.K., Dwivedi, B.S., Shukla,A.K, Chauhan,Y.S. andYadav,
R.L. 2005. Diversification of rice with pigeonpea in a rice- wheat cropping system on a udic Ustochrept: effect on soil fertility, yield and nutrient use efficiency. Field Crops Re- search 92: 85-105.
Singh. Y., Singh, B. Khera, T.S. and Meelu, O.P. 1994. Integrated management of green-manure, farm yard manure and nitro- gen fertiliser in rice-wheat rotation in north-westem India. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 8: 199-205.
Subba Rao, N.S. 1986. Soil Microorganisms and Plant Growth, pp.
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Suman, A., Gaur, A., Shrivastava,A.K. and Yadav, R.L. 2005. Im- proving sugarcane growth and nutrient uptake by inoculat- ing Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Plant Growth and Regulation 47: 155-162.
van Noordwijik, M. and de Willigen, P. 1987. Agricultural concepts of roots: from morphogeneic to functional equilibrium be- tween root and shoot growth. Netherlands Journal ofAg- ricultural Science 35: 487-496.
Yadav, R.L. 1981. Intercropping pigeonpea to conserve fertiliser nitrogen in maize and produce residual effect on sugarcane. Experimental Agriculture 17: 311-315.
Yadav, R.L. 1982. Minimising nitrate-nitrogen leaching by parallel
multiple cropping in long duration row crops. Experimental Agriculture 18: 37-42. Yadav, R.L. 1996. Cropping system. In: 50 Years of Crops Science Research in India, pp 117-128. Paroda, R.S. and Chadha, K.
L. (Eds.). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Yaday, R.L. 2003. Enhancing efficiency of fertilizer N use in rice- wheat systems of Indo-Gangetic plains by intercropping Sesbania aculeata in direct-seeded upland rice for green manuring. Bioresource Technology 93: 213-215.
Yadav, R. and Prasad, S.R. 1992. Conserving the organic matter content of the soil to sustain sugarcane yield. Experimental Agriculture 28: 57-62.
Yadav, R.L. and Verma, R.P. 1995. Crop residue management to conserve soil organic matter content in sugarcane-based crop rotations. Bioresource Technology 51: 241-245.
Yadav, R.L., Prasad, S.R., Singh, R. and Srivastava, V.K. 1994. Recycling sugarcane trash to conserve soil organic carbon for sustaining yields of successive ratoon crops in sugarcane. Bioresource Technology 48: 960-965.
Yadav, R.L., Shukla, S.K., Suman, A. Singh, P.N. 2008. Tricho-derma inoculation with trash mulch in ratoon sugarcane for improving rhizospheric environment in udic Ustrochrept soil in Indo-Gangetic Plain of sub-tropical India. Biology and Fertility of Soils (in press).
