Bt cotton (Gossypium sp.) in India and its agronomic requirements - A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v54i4.4809Keywords:
Agronomic characters, Cotton, Crytoxin, Fibre qualityAbstract
lndia has emerged as a major global partner in the production, processing and trade of raw cotton and its fin- ished products. The genetically modified Bt cotton, containing the cry gene sourced from the soil bacterium Bacil- lus thuringiensis sub-species kurstaki, providing resistance against boil worms, represents a landmark in cotton research and development. The large-scale adoption of Bt cotton by Indian farmers in a span of 7 years is the power of this technology. Introduction of the Bt gene has alterzd the morphological, phenological and physiologi- cal characteristics of these introgressed cultivars. The development and commercialization of Bt cotton varieties like BN Bt and incorporation of herbicide tolerance are likely to further revolutonize the cotton production sce- nario. To harness the benefits of the Bt cotton and to sustain their yield potential, sound agro-techniques need to be standardized. This review provides an update on the agronomic research undertaken on Bt cotton especially under the diverse growing conditions in lndia and the effect of these agro-techniques on Cry toxin expression and fibre quality parameters.References
to India, 23 May 2002, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka. pp. 5 1-57.
Mayee, C.D., Monga, D., Dhillon, S.S., Nehra, P.L. and Pundhir, P. 2008. Cotton-Wheat Production System in South Asia: A Success Story. Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Re- search Institutions. C/o FA0 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand.
Mayee, C.D., Phundan Singh, Punit Mohan and Agarwal, D.K. 2004. Evaluation of Bt transgenic intra hirsutum hybrids for yield and fibre properties. Indian Journal ofAgricultura1 Sci- ences 74(1): 746-747.
Monga, D. 2008. Problem and prospects of cultivation of By hy- brids in the North India cotton zone. ICAC Recorder 26(4): 8-9.
Naidu, L.GK., Ramamurthy, V., Challa, O., Hegde, R. and Krishnan,
VENUGOPAL ETAL. [Vol. 54, No. 4
T. 2006. Manual Soil-Site Suitability Criteria for Major Crops. NBSS Publication No. 129, NBSS&LUP, Nagpur, 118 p.
Naik, G 2001. An analysis of socio-economic impact of Bt technol- ogy on Indian cotton farmers. Centre for Management in Agriculture Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India p. 19.
Nalayini, P., Kandasamy, O.S. and Balasubramaniyan. 1999a. Den- sity and Dry matter Production of Weeds as Influenced by cotton hybrids -levels and weed control methods. World Weeds VI: 3745.
Nalayini, P., Kandasamy, O.S. and Balasubramaniyan. 1999b. Influ- ence of Cotton Hybrids,N levels and Weed Control Methods in Nutrient Depletion By Weeds. World Weeds VI : 179-184.
Nalayini, P., Rajendran, T.P., Anandham, R., Sankaranarayanan, K and Anderson A. Kumar. 2004. Poly ethylene mulching -A new cultivation technique for better water management and efficient weed control in cotton. In: Proceedings on crop pro- duction International Symposium on Strategies for Sustain- able Cotton Production -A Global Vision, 23-25, November, University of Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad. pp. 75-77.
Narayana, E., Apama, D. and Subbarami Reddy, A. 2008b. Inter- cropping studies in Bt cotton under rainfed conditions. In:
Proceedings, National Seminar on Second Green Revolution.
-21 October, 2008. ARS, ANGRAU, Adilabad. p. 175.
Narayana, E., Aparna, D. and Subbarami Reddy, A. 2008c. Perfor- mance of Bt cotton based double cropping system in black cotton soils under irrigated conditions. In: Proceedings, Na- tional Seminar on Second Green Revolution. 19-21 October, 2008, ARS, ANGRAU, Adilabad. pp. 175-176.
Narayana, E., Hema, K., Srinivasulu, K., Prasad, N.V.V.S.D. and Rao, N.H.P. 2008a. Performance of Bt cotton hybrid (NCS- 145 Bt) to varied spacing and fertilizer levels in vemsol un- der rainfed conditions. Jouinal of the Indian Society for Cot- ton Improvement. pp. 33-36.
Nehra, P.L., Nehra, K.C. and Kumawat, P.D. 2004. Performance of Bt cotton hybrids at different spacings and canal command area of Noah-Western Rajasthan. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 18(2): 189-190.
Patil, A.S.P., Chittapur, B.M., Patil, B.N., Hiremath, S.M., Channal, H.T., Koti, R.V. and Udikeri, S.S. 2009. Response of Bt cot- ton hybrids to site specific nutrient management for targeted yields. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22: 188-
Pettigrew, W.T. 1996. Low light conditions compromise the quality of fibre produced. pp. 1238-1 239. In: Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Coilference, Nashville, TN. 9-12 January. 1996, Na- tional Cotton Council of America, Nashville, Memphis, TN.
Pettigrew, W.T. 1999. Potassium deficiency increases specific leaf weights and leaf glucose levels in field-grown cotton. Agronomy Journal 91: 962-968.
Pettigrew, W.T. and Adamczyk, J.J. 2006. Nitrogen fertility and planting date effects on lint Yield and Cry 1Ac (Bt) endot- oxin production. Agronomy Journal 98: 691497.
Prakash, A.H., Bandyopadyaya, K.K. and Gopalkrishnan, N. 2008. Growth and biomass portioning in Bt vs non Bt cotton hy- brids in winter imgated situation in southern zone of India. Journal of Indian Society of Cotton Improvement 129-142.
Prasad, M. and Prasad, R. 1994. Response of upland cotton to mi- cronutrients and sulphur. Indian Journal of Agronomy 39:
-708. Prasad, R. and Power, J.F. 199 1. Crop residue management. Ad-vances in Soil Science 15: 205-25 1.
Rajendran, T.P. and Jain, K.C. 2004. Achievements in Cotton Re- search in the All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project. CICR Regional Station, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
Raju, A.R. 2008. Identification of profitable Bt cotton based crop- ping systems. Ailnual Report, Technical Mission of Cotton, Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur.
Ramamurthy, V. and Venugopalan, M.V. 2009. Performance of Bt cotton hybrid on shrink -swell soils of central India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 79( 12): 1026-1029.
Ramasundaram, P., Vennila, S. and Ingle, R.K. 2007. Bt cotton per- formance and constrains in Central India. Outlook in Agricul- ture 36(3): 175-1 80.
Rana, D.S., Kapur, M.L., Sodhi, J.S. and Sharma, K.N. 1984. Re- sponse of cotton to the application of fertilizer on cultiva- tors fields. Journal of Research, PAU 21: 163-166.
Rao, P.M. and Alapati, S. 2007. Bt cotton offers planting at higher planting densities in India. In: Proceedings WCRC, 10- 14 September, 2007, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
Read, J.J., Reddy, K.R. and Jenkins, J.N. 2006. Yield and fiber qual- ity of upland cotton as influenced by nitrogen and potassium nutrition European Journal of Agronomy 24: 282-290.
Reddy, P.R.R. and Gopinath, M. 2008. Influence of fertilizer and plant geometry on the performance of Bt cotton hybrid. Journal of Cotton Research and Developinent 22: 78-80.
Reddy, V.R., Baker, D.N. and Hodges, H.F. 1991. Temperature ef- fects on cotton canopy growth, photosynthesis and respira- tion. Agronomy Journal 83: 699-704.
Rekha, G.O. 2007. A Comparative Assessment of morpho physi- ological characters and yield in Bt and Non-Bt cotton hy- brids, Abstract Karnataka Jounzal of Agricultural Sciences 20(4):
Rochester, I.J. 2006. Effect of genotype, edaphic, environmental conditions and agronomic practices on Cry 1Ac protein ex- pression in transgenic cotton. Jounzal of Cotton Science 10: 252-262.
Sachs, E.S., Benedict, J.H., Stelly, D.M., Taylor, J.F., Altman, D.W., Berberich, S.A. and Davis, S.K. 1998. Expression and segre- gation of genes encoding Cry 1A insecticidal proteins in cot- ton. Crop Science 38: 1-1 1.
Sahai, S. and Rahman, S. 2003. Mahyco-Monsanto's Bt cotton fails to perform. Current Science 85: 426427.
Sankaranarayanan, K., Nalayini, P., Praharaj, C.S. and Dharajothi, B. 2004b. Effects of dates of sowing on the productivity of Bt cotton hybrid. In: International Symposium on Strategies for Sustainable Cotton Production. A Global Vision. 23-25, No- vember, 2004, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, pp. 103-104.
Sankamarayanan, K., Nalayini, P. and Praharaj, C.S. 2004a. Agro- nomic requirements of Bt cotton hybrid in relation to plant density and fertilizer requirements. In: International Syrnpo- sium on Strategies,for Sustainable Cotton Production-A Glo- bal Vision. 23-25, November, 2004, University of Agricul- tural Sciences, Dhanvad. p. 248.
Sankarnarayanan, K., Praharaj, C.S., Bandyopadhyay, K.K. and Gopalkrishnan, N. 2008. Performance and behavior of Bt cotton hybrids under sub-optimum rainfall situation. In: Abstracts, 13' Vasantrao Naik Memorial National Agricul-
ture Seminar in Livelihood Security through Rainwater
Management. 22-23 January, 2008, College of Agriculture,
Nagpur. p. 39.
Sankarnarayanan, K., Praharaj, C.S., Nalayini, P. and Dharajothi, B. 2004c. Studies on intercropping in Bt cotton hybrid. In: Abstracts, National Symposium on Changing World order Cotton Research, Development and Policy in Context: 10-12 August, 2004, ANGRAU, Hyderabad. p. 42.
Sehgal, J.L. 1991. Soil site suitability evaluation for cotton. Agropedology 1:49-63.
Sekhon, P.S., Nehra, P.L., Sarlach, R.S. and Cumber, R.K. 2008. High temperature at boll bursting stage -a threat to cotton cultiva- tion in north India. Journal of Cotton Research and Develop- ment. 22: 143-146.
Sepat, Seema and Ahlawat, I.P.S. 2009. Phosphorus management in Bt cotton based intercropping system. Ph.D. Thesis, Divi- sion of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Shekhawat, M.S. and Singh, H.G 1985. Studies on stand geometry, intercropping and mulching of cotton. Madras Agricultural Joslrnal72:493496.
Shinde, V.S., Deshmukh, L.S., Shinde, S.A. and Zade, K.K. 2009. Influence of rainwater management through different agro- techniques on yield, yield attributing characters and econom- ics of cotton. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 23(1): 51-55.
Showalter Ann, M., Heuberger Shannon, Tabashnik Bruce, E. and Caniere Yves. 2009. A primer for using transgenic insecticidal cotton in developing countries. Journal of Insect Science 6: (In Press).
Sikka, M.A. and Dastur, R.H. 1960. Climate and Soils. In: Cotton in India -a monograph. Vol. I, Indian Central Cotton Cornrnit- tee, Bombay, pp. 40-59.
Singh Kulvir, Jindal, V., Singh, V. and Rathore, P. 2007. Performance of Bt cotton hybrids under different geometrical arrange- ments. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 21: 41-
Singh, J. and Kairon, M.S. 2001. Yield and nutrient content of cot- ton and sunflower as influenced by applied sulphur in irri-gated inceptisol. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 71: 35-37.
Singh, J., Blaise, D., Rao, M.R.K., Mayee, C.D. and Deshmukh,
M.S. 2003. Assessment of agronomic efficiency of Bt cotton in rainfed Vertisols. Journal of Indian Society of Cotton Im- provement pp. 185-190.
Singh, J., Monga, D. and Deshmukh, M.S. 2004. Effect of sulphur on growth, yield and quality of cotton-mustard cropping system. Journal of Cotton Research Development 18: 172-
Singh, J., Raju, A.R., Bharambe, P.R., Deshmukh, R.S. and Babar, Shilpa. 2008. Agronomic requirement for Bt hybrid cotton in different ago-eco regions. In: National Seminar on Second Green Revolution. 19-21 October, 2008, ARS, ANGRAU, Adilabad.
Singh, Ramanjeet., Ahlawat, I.P.S. and Gangaiah, B. 2009. Direct and residual effects of nitrogen management in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 54(4): 401408.
Sivanappan, R.K. 2004. Imgation and rainwater management for improving water use efficiency and production in cotton
crop. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Sus--' *
tainable Cotton Production, 23-25 November, 2004, UAS,
Sree Rekha, M., Pradeep, T. and Sukumar, K. 2008. Performance of RCH-2 Bt cotton at different plant densities and scheduling of nitrogen under rainfed conditions. In: National Seminar on Second Green Revolution. 19-21 October, 2008, ARS, ANGRAU, Adilabad. pp. 162-163.
Sreekvasan, S. 2004. Quality scenario of Indian cotton and fibre re- quirements. In: National Symposium on Changing world or- der-cotton, Research & Development and policy in context. Cotton Research and Development Association, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, 10-12, August, 2004. pp. 138-142.
Sreenivasan, S. 2009. Technology Interventions in cotton for en- hancing its diversified use. In: International Conference on Emerging Trends in Production, Processing and Utilisation of Natural Fibres. Book of papers, pp. 208-215.
S5nivasan, G. 2006. Agronomic evaluation of Bt cotton hybrids in season imgated trait of Tamil Nadu. Journal of Cotton Re- search and Development 20: 224-225.
Srinivasulu, K., Hena, K., Narayana, E., Prasad, N.V.V.S.D. and Rao, N.H.P. 2006. Agronomc evaluation of Bt hybrid (NCS 207) in Vertisols of AP under rainfed condition. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 21: 191-193.
Tharp, W.H. 1960. The Cotton Plant. Handbook 178, USDA, USA.
Thind, S.K. 2007. Advances in Cotton Physiology. pp. 316. Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi 110 033.
Tian, X.L., He, Z.P. and Wang, B.M. 2000. Boll development and yield components of Bt cotton CCRI3O influenced by flow- ering date. Acta Gossypii, Sinica 6: 30G309.
TMC. 2008. Annual Report, 2007-08.Technology Mission on Cot- ton, Mini Mission I. Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440 010.
VanGessel, M.J. 2001. Glyphosate resistant horseweed from Dela- ware. Weed Science 49: 703-705. Venkateswarlu, J. 1980. Improved dryland fanning system for India. The Andhra Agricultural Journal 27: 133-148.
Venugopalan, M.V. and Blaise, D. 2001. Effect of planting density and N levels on the productivity and N use efficiency of rainfed upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Indian Journal ofAgronomy 46(3): 346353.
Venugopalan, M.V. and Tarhallcar, P.P. 2003. Evaluation of organic recycling techniques in improving the productivity of rainfed cotton on marginal soils. Tropical Agriculture 80: 163-167.
Venugopalan, M.V., Hebbar, K.B., Tiwary, P., Chatterji, S., Ramamurthy, V., Challa, 0. and Sonune, B.A. 2007. Produc- tivity and nitrogen use efficiency parameters in cotton culti- vars with varying N levels and soil types under rainfed con- ditions. Acta Agronomica Hungarica 55: 383-391.
Vishwanath. 2007. Response of late sown Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to plant spacings, fertilizers levels and NAA applications under irrigation. Abstract Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 20(4):
Waddle, B.A. 1984. Crop growing practices. In: Cotton: Monograph No. 24. Kohel, R.J. and Lewis, C.F. (Eds.). American Soci- ety of Agronomy, Wisconsin, pp. 234-263.
Wan, P., Zhang, Y, Wu, K. and Huang, M. 2005. Seasonal expression profiles of insecticidal protein and control efficacy against Helicoverpa armigera for Bt cotton in the Yangtze river val- ley of China. Journal ofEconomic Entomology 98: 195-201.
Yeledhalli, N.A., Prakash, S.S. and Ravi, M.V. 2008. Productive Po- tential of Soils of Tungabhadra Project Area for Bt Cotton. Karnataka Journal ofAgricultura1 Sciences 21(1): 35-37.
Zhang Zhiyong, Tian Xiaoli, Duan Liusheng, Wang Baomin, He Zhongpei and Li Zhaohu.2007. Differential responses of conventional and Bt-transgenic cotton to potassium defi- ciency. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30: 659470.
Zhang, Y.K. WU. and Guo, Y. 2001. On the spatio -temporal ex- pression of the contents of Bt insecticidal protein and the resistance of Bt transgenic cotton to cotton bollworn. Acta
Phytophysiologica Sinica 28: 1-6.
Zhao, H.Z., Liang, Z., Qi, H., Wang, Y., Liang, Z.J., Qi, H.L. and Wang, Y.X. 2002. Studies on the biological characteristic of Bt transgenic bollworn resistant cotton varieties. China Cot- tons 29(10): 10-1 1.
Zhao, K., Zhao, J., Fan, X., Rui, C. and Mei, X. 2000. Temporal and spatial dynamics of transgenic Bt cotton toxins to cotton
-bollworn in north China. Journal of ~~ridultural
Biotechnol-ogy 8: 49-52.
