Effect of conjunctive use of phosphorus and bio organics on growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v48i3.3081Keywords:
PSM, Groundnut yield Rhizobium,Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2000 and 2001, to study the effect of conjunctive use of phosphorus and bio organics on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Application of 60 kg P,O,/ha markedly influenced the growth and yield attributes resulting in significant increase of pod yield by 14.01% over the control. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium or phosphorus solubilizing micro organism (PSM) marginally improved yield, but their combined use increased pod yield significantly. Both the organics, i.e. FYM and need cake, significantly in creased the pod and haulm yields, but when half quantity of these organics were integrated with Rhizobium and PSM, the highest pod yield of 31.80 qtha with FYM 5 tonnestha Rhizobium PSM was obtained. Neem cake 1.5 tonneslha in the presence of same biofertilizers was next to it.References
Effect of conjunctive use of phosphorus and bio-organics on growth and yield of
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
A.S. PANWAR AND N.P. SlNGH
Division of Agronomy, ICA& Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam,
Meghalaya 793 103 Received :December 2002
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2000 and 2001, to study the effect of conjunctive use of phosphorus and bio-organics on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Application of 60 kg P,O,/ha markedly influenced the growth and yield attributes resulting in significant increase of pod yield by 14.01% over the control. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium or phosphorus-solubilizing micro-organism (PSM) marginally improved yield, but their combined use increased pod yield significantly. Both the organics, i.e. FYM and need-cake, significantly in- creased the pod and haulm yields, but when half quantity of these organics were integrated with Rhizobium and PSM, the highest pod yield of 31.80 qtha with FYM 5 tonnestha + Rhizobium+ PSM was obtained. Neem-cake @
5 tonneslha in the presence of same biofertilizers was next to it.
Key words :Rhizobium, PSM, Groundnut yield
Among the oilseed crops, groundnut stands first by contributing 29% area and 36% production of oilseed in India (DES, DAC, 1998). The decline in soil fertility and productivity are the matter of nutrient imbalance, which is recognized as one of the most important factors that limits the crop yield (Nambiar and Ghosh, 1984). Phosphorus is one of the nutrients, which is required in la?ge quantity for optimum growth and yield in oilseeds. Groundnut responds well to higher levels of phosphorus fertilization, especially in acidic scil conditions of higher P-fixing capacity necessitating to lay emphasis on supplementing the use of chemical fertilizer with cheaper source of nutrient, viz. biofertilizer and organics. The biofertilizers are cost effective and eco-friendly, supplement the nutrients requirement of the plants and their use in association with inorganic and organic manures prove, beneficial in improving yield and soil health. Therefore, integrated nutrient management is an important aspect in groundnut, as it does not only fetch promising yields but also maintain soil fertility. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was carried out to study the effect of bio-organics in the presence or absence of phosphorus under mid-hill altitude of Meghalaya.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2000 and 2001 at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya. The soil was sandy
loam having pH 4.6, organic carbon 1.53%, low in available nitrogen (255 kglha) and phosphorus (8.9 kgha) and medium in available K20 (250 kglha). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design, replicated thrice with 16 treatment combinations of 2 phosphorus levels (0 and 60 kg P20,ha) and 8 bioferti- lizers and organics, viz. control, seed inoculation with Rhizobium (RB), seed inoculation with phosphorus- soliubilizing micro-organism (PSM), seed inoculation with RB +PSM, neem-cake 3 tonnesha, FYM10 tonnesl ha, neem-cake 1.5 tonnesha + RB + PSM and FYM 5 tonnesha + RB + PSM. Groundnut cultivar 'ICGS 76' was sown on 22 and 28 May 2000 and 2001, respectively, with a spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm. A starter dose of 20 kg Nha through urea and 40 kg &Oha through muriate of potash as common dose to each plot and phosphorus through single superphosphate as well as organic manures were applied basal treat:qent-wise at the time of sowing. The seed was inoculated as per treatment with respective biofertilizer and sown the next day in the field. All the agronomic practices here followed throughout cropping period. The growth and yield attributes were recorded at harvest. The data of both years were pooled and analysed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of phosphorus
Application of 60 kg P,O,/ha significantly improved plant height, branches, leaves and podslplant over the
September 20031 GROUNDNUT RESPONSE TO P AND BIO-ORGANICS
control (Table 1). This may be because of the fact that phosphorus encourages the cell division and cell elongation in the maristematic region of the plant, besides helping in nitrogen fixation, thereby results in improved growth and development of the plant. The increase in the vegetative growth owing to P application resulted in the production of more podslplant and improved the kemk.1 weight. Maximum pod yield up to 19.30 glplant recorded with application of 60 kg P20,ha was 17.68% higher over the control (Table 2). These effects could be reflected in overall yield of crop, recording the highest pod and haulrn yields of 28.40 and 48.41 qha with 60 kg P20,ha, being
01 and 21.32% higher over the control respectively. These results are in line with those of Majumdar et al. (2001). Harvest index was also significantly improved owing to 60 kg P20,ha during both the years.
Effect of bio-organics
Plant height, branches and leaveslplant were significantly improved ti4.h the application of biofertilizer combined with organics. The increase in height was possi- bly due to the elongation of internodes. The FYM @ 10 tonnesha and FYM @ 5 tonnesha + Rhizobium (RB) + phosphorus solubilizing micro-organisms (PSM) gave the maximum plant height of 51.34 cm and 51.15 cm respectively. Highest number of branches and leaveslplant were recorded with FYM@ 5 tonnesha + RM + PSM, followed by neem-cake 1.5 tonnesha + RB + PSM. This increase was attributed to the continuous supply of nutrients due to the action of biofertilizer and release of nutrients from organics. Maximum values of yield
attributes, viz. podslplant, 100-kernel weight and pod yieldtplants, were recorded with FYM 5 tonnesha + RB
+ PSM, The better response in yield attributes signi- ficaatly increased the pod yield of groundnut, as there is positive correlation of pod yield with growth and yield attributes (Manoharan et al., 1988). Thus more branches and leaveslplant increased the number of pods and kernel weight. More pod yield/plant showed its additive effect on pod yield (qha) with the application of Rhizobium and PSM combined with FYM @ 5 tonnesha, recording pod yield of 3 1.80 qha, which was at par with the yield recor- ded due to neem-cake 1.5 tonneslha + RB+ PSM and significantly superior to rest of the treatments (Table 3). The increase in pod yield owing to these treatments may be due to the fact that N and P play an important role in the synthesis of chlorophyll and amino acids (Black, 1967) and Rhizobium and PSM ensured the continuous supply of these nutrients, while organics (FYMIneem- cake) besides supplying N, P and K also improved the soil condition, which enhanced the root proliferation and source sink relationship (Bhattacharya and Ghosh, 2001).
It was also observed that single inoculation of Rhizobium of PSM marginally improved the pod and haulm yields but their combined use significantly improved pod yield 28.80% higher over that of the control
(19.62 qha). It indicated that when both cultures applied together had synergistic effect on each other and gave more yield. Application of FYM or neem-cake also improved the yield by 41.84% and 41.43% over the control, respectively, but when half quantity of these organics was integrated with both the biofertilizers the
Table 1. Effect of phosphorus and bio-organic sources on growth and yield attributes in groundnut (average data of 2 years)
Phosphorus (kgh)
CD (Pd.05) Bio-organic sources
Control Rhizobium (RB) , PSM RB + PSM Neem-cake 3 tonnesha FVM 10 tonnesha Neem-cake 1.5 tonneha +
Plant Branched Leaves/ Podd Pod yield 100-kernel
height plant plant plant (g/~!ant) weight
55 9.75 12.10 14.55 16.40 62.32
80 11.80 14.30 18.57 19.30 67.29
26 1.15 ' 1.08 1.24 1.16 1.17
FVM 5 tonneslha + RB + PSM 51.15 CD (P=0.05) 4.51
PSM, Phosphorus-solubilizing micro-organisms
PANWAR AND SINGH [Vol. 48, No. 3
Table 2. Effect of phosphorus and bio-organic sources on yield and harvest index of groundnut (average data of 2 years)
Treatment pod Hau]m Harvest
yield yield index
(qha) (qlha)
Phosphorus (kgh) T
Po 24.91 39.90 . 35.18
pa0CD 0.05) 28.40 1.08 48.41 1-89 36.59 0.62
Bio-organic sources
Control 19.93 34.35 32.38
Rhizobium (RB) 24.44 41.65 35.48
PS M 24.72 42.56 35.56
RB + PSM 25.67 43.50 35.91
~dmcake3 tonneslha 27.75 45.60 36.32
Neem-cake 3 tonnesha 28.27 46.96 36.65
Neem cake tonneha + RB + PSM 30.66 49.04 37.18
FYM 5 tonneslha+RB+PSM 31.80 49.70 37.56
CD'(P4.05) 2.15 3.78 1.24
PSM, Phosphorus-solubilizing micro-organisms
improvement in yield was 59.56 and 53.38% in the same order. These results are in the line of Agasimani and Hosmani (1989), who reported 64%improvement in pod yield with the application of 7.5 tonnes FYM/ha.
Thus the productivity of groundnut can be increased with the application of 60 kg P,OQa and seed inoculation with Rhizobium and PSMalong with any of the organics
(5.0 tonnes FYM or 1.5 tonnes neem-cakeha) under mid- hill agro-climatic conditions of Meghalaya.
Agasimani, C.A. and Hosmani, M.M. 1989. Response of groundnut to FYM, nitrogen qd phosphorus in rice fellow in coastal sandy soil. Joumal of Oilseeds Research 6 (1) :360-363.
Bhattachatya, P. and Ghosh, P. 2001. Phosphorus use efficeincy in brinjal with FVM and sulphur. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 49 (3) :456-462. Black, C.A. 1967. Soil Plant Relationship, edn 2, pp. 292, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York. DES, DAC. 1998. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance. Dirertorate of Economics and Statistics. Department Agricultural and Co-op- eration, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi. Majumdar, B., Venkatesh, M.S., Lal. B., Kumar, Kailash, and Singh, C.S. 2001. Effect of phosphorus and zinc nutrition on groundnut in acid hapludalf of Meghalaya. Annals ofAgricul- tural Research 22 (3) :354-359. Manoharan, V.. Sethapathi, R., Ramalingam and Sivaran, M.R. 1988. Correlation studies in virginia bunch groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Indian Journal of Oilseeds Research S(2) :150-
Nambiar, K.K.M. and Ghosh, A.B. 1984. Long Term fertilizer Ex-periment. Research Bulletin. Indian Agricultural Research In- stitute, New Delhi, pp 101.
