Overview of agronomic research for greening rice (Oryza sativa)-fallows during winter in India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v65i3.2971Keywords:
Agro ecological subregion, Constraints, Crop establishment, Moisture, Nutrient, Policy measures, Seed priming, WeedAbstract
An estimated area of 11.65 million hectare (m ha) accounting for 29% of rainy season (kharif) rice (Oryza sativa L.) area, remains fallow during the winter season in India. The climate of rice-fallow areas varies from sub-humid to per humid. Short-duration pulses and oilseeds are successfully grown by utilizing residual soil moisture and/or post-monsoon rainfall/ supplemental irrigation. The establishment methods included utera, zero-till, reduced-till and conventionally till cropping. An introspection to past research established the importance of system approach for choice of crops and cultivars and management of tillage, nutrient, water and weed. Seed priming of rice-fallow crops ensured better germination and stand establishment under harsh condition. Application of organic nutrient sources (green-manuring, farmyard manure), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn) has positive direct effect on rice and residual effect on the succeeding crops. Application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as diammonium phosphate (DAP) to preceding rice during terminal growth phase and foliar feeding of nutrients were found promising in utera cropping. Use of organic/ green-manure in rice, application of basal fertilizer and foliar feeding improved productivity in zero-minimum- and conventionally-till crops. One or two protective irrigations improved productivity of rice fallow pulses and oilseeds in eastern India and coastal peninsula. Quizalofop ethyl (50 g/ha) or imezethapyr (100 g/ ha) as post-emergence spray provided satisfactory control of grassy weeds. Location-specific constraint analysis, strategic planning based on research findings and policy support would be helpful in greening more rice-fallow areas with pulses and oilseeds, enhancing domestic production, reducing import and saving foreign exchange. Important policy support needed for greening rice-fallows are discussed in the articleReferences
AAU. 2015. Package of practices for rabi crops of Assam. Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat and Department of Agriculture, Asom.
Ahlawat, I.P.S., Sharma, P, and Singh, U. 2016. Production, demand and import of pulses in India. Indian Journal of Agronomy 61(Special issue): S33S41.
Ali, M., Ghosh, P.K. and Hazra, K.K. 2014. Resource conservation technologies in rice fallow. (In) Resource Conservation Technology in Pulses, pp. 8489, Ghosh, P.K., Kumar, N., Venkatesh, M.S., Hazra, K.K. and Nadarajan. N. (Eds). Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
Ali, M., Gupta, S. and Sarker, A. 2015. Improving productivity of rice fallows. (In) Policy Paper 64. Pathak, H.C. (Eds). National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi, India, pp.16.
Amuthaselvi, G., Dhanushkodi, V. and Eswaran, S. 2019. Performance of zero till seed drill in raising black gram under rice fallow. Journal of Crop and Weed 15(1): 195197.
Baladi, R.A. and Shah, M.A. 2018. Solar powered irrigation system for agriculture based on moisture content in the field and saving energy and water with optimum designing. Asian Journal of Engineering, Sciences and Technology 8(1): 19.
Bandyopadhyay, K.K., Sahoo, R.N., Singh, R., Pradhan, S., Singh, S., Krishna, G., Pargal, S. and Mahapatra, S.K. 2015. Characterization and crop planning of rabi fallows using remote sensing and GIS. Current Science 108(11): 2,0512,062.
Bandyopadhyay, P.K., Singh, K.C., Mondal, K., Nath, R., Ghosh, P.K., Kumar, N., Basu, P.S. and Singh, S.S. 2016. Effects of stubble length of rice in mitigating soil moisture stress and on yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in ricelentil relay crop. Agricultural Water Management. 173: 91102.
Basu, P.S., Singh, U., Kumar, A., Praharaj, C.S. and Shivran, R.K. 2016. Climate change and its mitigation strategies in pulses production. Indian Journal of Agronomy 61(Special issue): S71S82.
Behera, U.K., Mishra, A.K., Bishoyi, B.S., Behera, S.K., Nayak, R.K., Ronanki, S. and Singh, S. 2014. Introduction of pulse crop in rice-fallow system through use of conservation agriculture practices in western Odisha. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 13(4): 318323.
Bhowmick, M.K. 2010. Effect of planting time and seed priming on growth and yield of lentil under riceutera system. Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 152153.
Bhowmick, M.K., Bag, M.K. and Islam, S. 2014b. Integrated weed management in lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences 2(2): 8891.
Bhowmick, M.K., Dhara, M.C., Duary, B., Biswas, P.K. and Bhattacharyya, P. 2014a. Improvement of lathyrus productivity through seed priming and foliar nutrition under rice utera system. Journal of Crop and Weed 10(2): 277280.
Bhowmick, M.K., Duary, B., Biswas, P.K., Rakshit, A. and Adhikari,
B. 2013. Seed priming, row spacing and foliar nutrition in relation to growth and yield of chickpea under rainfed condition. SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical 17: 114119.
Biswas, P. and Bhowmick, M. 2015. Crop diversification through pulses in the North-eastern Plains Zone of India. (In) Diversification of Agriculture in Eastern India. Ghosh, M., Sarkar D., and Roy, B. (Eds). India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer, New Delhi.
Chandana, P.K. and Mondal, S. 2020. Analyzing multi-year rice-fallow dynamics in Odisha using multi-temporal Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-1 Data. GIScience and Remote Sensing 57(4): 431449.
Choudhary, M., Ghasal, P.C., Choudhary, G.L., Prajapat, K. and Choudhary, H.R. 2014. Enhancing productivity and resource use efficiency of rice-fallow through introduction of pulses. Popular Kheti 2(4): 1921.
Das, A., Babu, S., Yadav, G.S., Ansari, M.A., Singh, R.,. Baishya, L.K., Rajkhowa, D.J. and Ngachan, S.V. 2016. Status and strategies for pulses production for food and nutritional security in north-eastern region of India. Indian Journal of Agronomy 61(Special issue): S43S57.
Das, A., Chowdhury, S., Layek, J., Ramkrushna, G.I., Panwar, A.S., Ngachan, S.V. and Buragohain, J. 2017. Agro-physical assessment of different pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars in lowland rice (Oryza sativa) fallow under no-till system for enhancing cropping intensity and productivity in mid hills of northeast India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 87: 1,6121,618.
Ganapathy, M., Baradhan, G. and Ramesh, N. 2008. Effect of foliar nutrition on reproductive efficiency and grain yield of rice-fallow pulses. Legume Research 31(2): 142144.
Geetha, P. and Velayutham, A. 2009. Refinement of nutrient management techniques for growth, yield and nutrient uptake of rice-fallow blackgram. Madras Agricultural Journal 96(1 6): 163166.
Ghosh, P.K., Hazra, K.K., Nath, C.P., Das, A. and Acharya, C.L. 2016. Scope, constraints and challenges of intensifying rice (Oryza sativa)fallows through pulses. Indian Journal of Agronomy 61(Special issue): S122128.
GoI. 2019a. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2018. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi.
GOI. 2019b. National Compilation on Ground Water Resources of India. 2017. Central Ground Water Board, Department of Water Resources, RD and GR, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Gov
ernment of India, Faridabad, Haryana.
GoO. 2020. Odisha Agriculture Statistics. 201415. Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Government of Odisha, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Empowerment, Odisha, India.
Gumma, M.K., Prasad, S.T., Pardharsadhi, T., Rao, M.N., Mohammed, I.A. and Whitbread, A.M. 2016. Mapping rice fallow cropland areas for short-season grain legumes intensification in South Asia using MODIS 250 m time-series data. International Journal of Digital Earth 9(10): 981 1,003.
Gupta, S. and Bhowmick, M.K. 2005. Scope of growing lathyrus and lentil in relay cropping systems after rice in West Bengal, India. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsletter 4: 2833.
Gupta, S., Parihar, A.K., Rao, Y.K., Ravi, V., Iyanar, K. and Gupta,
D.S. 2016. Rice-fallow cultivation in India: mungbean and urdbean (pocket guide). Extension Bulletin, p.44. AICRP on MULLaRP, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
Hanif, N.A.K.A., Ramasamy, R., Davidson, S.J. and Pandiyan, M. 2017. Popularization of horse gram (Macrotyloma unilorum) in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. Journal of Krishi Vigyan 6(1): 148150.
Hussain, S., Khan, F., Hussain, H.A. and Nie, L. 2016. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of seed priming-induced chilling tolerance in rice cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 116.
Joshi, P.K., Birthal, P.S. and Bourai, V.A. 2002. Socio-economic constraints and opportunities in rainfed rabi cropping in rice-fallow areas of India. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, pp. 58.
Kar, G. and Kumar, A. 2009. Evaluation of post-rainy season crops with residual soil moisture and different tillage methods in rice fallow of eastern India. Agricultural Water Management 96(6): 931938.
Kar, G., Singh, R. and Kumar, A. 2008. Evaluation of post rainy season crops and response to irrigation in rice (Oryza sativa) fallow under shallow water-table of eastern India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 78(4): 293298.
Kar, S., Halder, L., Saren, B.K. and Mandal, K. 2015. Effect of mulching and boron application on growth, productivity and water use of winter niger under red-lateritic belt of West Bengal. International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture 1(10): 18.
Kumar, A., Singh, R.K.P., Bharati, R.C., Chandra, N. and Kumar, U. 2017. Growth performance of principal crops in North Bihar during last four decades: Empirical evidences. Journal of AgriSearch 4(2): 154159.
Kumar, R., Mishra, J.S. and Hans, H. 2018. Enhancing productivity of rice fallows of estern India through inclusion of pulses and oilseeds. Indian Farming 68(08): 710.
Kumar, R., Mishra, J.S., Upadhyay, P.K. and Hans, H. 2019b. Rice fallows in the eastern India: Problems and prospects. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 89(4): 567577.
Kumar, R., Mishra, J.S., Rao, K.K., Bhatt, B.P., Hazra, K.K. and Hans, H. 2019a. Sustainable intensification of rice fallows of Eastern India with suitable winter crop and appropriate crop establishment technique. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26: 29,40929,423.
Kumar, R., Mishra, J.S., Rao, K.K., Mondal, S., Hazra, K.K., Choudhary, J.S., Hans, H. and Bhyatt, B.P. 2020. Crop rotation and tillage management options for sustainable intensification of rice-fallow agro-ecosystem in eastern India. Scientific Reports 10: 11,146.
Kumar, S.P., Murthy, K.V.R., Ramana, A.V. and Revathi, T. 2018. Yield and quality of rice- greengram system as influenced by zinc fortification. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(Special Issue): 2,5972,605.
Lal, R.R. and Verma, P. 2007. Post-Harvest Management of Pulses, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Layek, J., Chowdhury, S., Ramkrushna, G.I. and Das, A. 2014. Evaluation of different lentil cultivars in lowland rice fallow under no-till system for enhancing cropping intensity and productivity. Indian Journal of Hill Farming 27(2): 49.
Lhungdim, J., Singh, Y., Kumar, P. and Chongtham, S.K. 2013. Integrated weed management of lambsquarter and nut sedge in lentil. Indian Journal of Weed Science 45(3): 192197.
Maji, S., Das, A., Nath, R., Bandopadhyay, P., Das, R. and Gupta, S. 2019. Cool season food legumes in rice fallows: an Indian perspective. (In) Agronomic Crops, pp. 541605, Hasanuzzaman, M. (Eds). Springer, Singapore.
Maruthupandi, K., Veeramani, A., Sanjevikumar, A. and Ramadas,
S. 2017. Effect of methods and time of sowing on growth indices in rice-fallow blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) under machine transplanted rice system. Advance Research Journal of Crop Improvement 7(1): 129133.
Mishra, J.S. and Singh, V.P. 2011. Effect of tillage and weed control on weed dynamics, crop productivity and energy-use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems in Vertisols. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 81: 129
Mohan, R.J., Sangeetha, A., Narasimha, H.V. and Tiwari, B.K. 2011. Post-harvest technology of pulses. Pulse Foods 40: 171
Mondal, S. and Bose, B. 2019. Impact of micronutrient seed priming on germination, growth, development, nutritional status and yield aspects of plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 42(19): 2,5772,599.
Mondal, S.S. and Ghosh, A. 2005. Integrated nutrient management on the productivity and nutrient uptake of crops in rice lathyrus (as utera)sesame cropping system under rainfed lowland ecosystem. Journal of Crop and Weed 1: 1216.
Monjappa, K. and Koppad, A.G. 2002. Performance of pulse and oilseed crops in paddy fallows with protective irrigation from farm pond in hill zone of Karnataka. Journal of Farm Sciences 15(3): 575576.
Nawaz, J., Hussain, M., Jabbar, A., Nadeem, G.A., Sajid, M., Subtain, M.U. and Shabbir, I. 2013. Seed priming A technique. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 6(20): 1,3731,381.
Parida, P., Behera, B. and Behera, S.D. 2020. Weed management in rice (Oryza sativa)-fallow for enhancement in productivity and profitability of ricezero till toria (Brassica campestris) system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 65(1): 1016.
Patil, J.R., Thakur, V.S., Teggelli, R.G. and Deepak. 2018. Yield improvement of black gram through foliar application of pulse magic in North Eastern dry zone of Karnataka, International Journal of Advanced Biological Research 8(1):
Praharaj, C.S., Singh, U., Singh, S.S., Singh, N.P. and Shivay, Y.S. 2016. Supplementary and life-saving irrigation for enhancing pulses production, productivity and water-use efficiency in India. Indian Journal of Agronomy 61: 249261.
Quddus, M.A., Naser, H.M., Hossain, M.A. and Hossain, M.A. 2014. Effect of zinc and boron on yield and yield contributing characters of lentil in low Ganges river floodplain soil at Madaripur, Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 39(4): 591603.
Rahmianna, A.A., Adisarwanto, T., Kirchhof, G. and So, H.B. 2000. Crop establishment of legumes in rainfed lowland rice-based cropping systems. Soil and Tillage Research 56: 6782.
Ramesh, T. and Rathika, S. 2015. Weed management in rice fallow blackgram through post-emergence herbicides. Madras Agricultural Journal 102(1012): 313316.
Ramesh, T., Rathika, S., Parthipan, T. and Ravi, V. 2016. Productivity enhancement in blackgram through refinement of nutrient management under rice-fallow condition. Legume Research 39 (1): 106109.
Rampal, P. 2017. Situational analysis of pulse production and consumption in India. Leveraging agriculture for nutrition in South Asia (LANSA) Working paper series 2017(20): 146.
Rao, D.S.N., Naidu, T.C.M. and Rani, Y.A. 2015. Effect of foliar nutrition on water potential, photosynthetic rate, dry matter production and yield of mung bean under receding soil moisture condition. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology 6(2): 1622.
Rao, K., Naidu, T., Jogi, G. and Subbaiah, G. 2006. Effect of foliar application of micronutrient on yield and yield attributes on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Agricultural Science Digest 26(2): 144146.
Rautaray, S. K. 2008. Productivity and economics of rice-based utera crops for lower Assam. Journal of Food Legumes 21: 5152.
Reddy, A.A. and Reddy, G.P. 2010. Supply side constraints in production of pulses in India: Case study of lentils. Agricultural Economics Research Review 23: 129136.
Reddy, K.R. and Reddy, P.S. 2017. Identification of rice fallows using remote sensing techniques: A case study in Telangana. Agriculture Update 12(6): 1,7241,729.
Sasikala, K., Boopathi, S.N.M.R. and Ashok, P. 2014. Studies on economic viability of weed management practices in zero till sown rice-fallow blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 4(3): 15.
Sharath, S.Y., Kumar, S., Kar, A. and Arya, P. 2019. Econometric analysis of import demand of pulses in India. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8(2): 131135.
Sharon, M.E.M., Abirami, C.V.K., Alagusundaram, K. and Sujeetha,
J.A. 2015. Safe storage guidelines for blackgram under different storage conditions. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research 6(5): 3847.
Shashikumar, Basavarajappa, R., Salakinkop, S.R., Hebbar, M., Basavarajappa, M.P. and Patil, H.Y. 2013. Influence of foliar nutrition on performance of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.), nutrient uptake and economics under dry land ecosystems. Legume Research 36(5): 422428.
Singh, A.K. 2012. "
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
