It has a handsome NAAS rating of 5.21 out of 10.0, which is one of the highest among agricultural science journals in India. The journal has ISSN number 0537-197X and it is indexed in all major abstracting journal of the world.
Influence of phosphorus and biofertilizers on the productivity and profitability of summer black gram (Phaseolus mungo) under sub-tropical conditions of Nagaland
To study the influence of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on the productivity and profitability of summer black gram under the sub-tropical conditions of Nagaland a field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University during the summer season of 2022. The experiment was conducted by taking 2 factors i.e. phosphorus levels, viz control, 15 kg P/ha, 30 kg P/ha and 45 kg P/ha along with bio-fertilizers i,e (control), Rhizobium (20 g/kg seed), Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20 g/kg seed) and Rhizobium (20 g/kg seed) + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20 g/kg seed) in factorial randomized block design which were replicated thrice. The black gram variety “Pusa 1” was uniformly fertilized by 20 kg N/ha through Urea. The experimental study revealed that among the phosphorus levels, the application of 45 kg P/ha recorded significantly highest yield attributes and seed yield (724.17 kg/ha). However, among bio-fertilizers, application of Rhizobium (20 g/kg seed) + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20 g/kg seed) resulted in highest yield attributes and yield of black gram. Among the economic analysis, application of 45 kg/ha phosphorus and combine treatment of Rhizobium + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria incurred the highest cost of cultivation, highest gross return, net return and Benefit cost ratio. Therefore, for summer black gram cultivation, application of 45 kg/ha phosphorus and treatment of Rhizobium + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria was proved to be profitable.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Agronomy
Combined effect of organic sources of manure with inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield, quality and economics of sesame (Sesamum indicum) in foothill of Nagaland
Sesame, traditionally grown in low-input systems, has been modernized and mechanized due to breeding advancements. However, there is a lack of research on fertilization needs for both modern and traditional agricultural systems. A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth, yield, and quality of sesame during the Kharif season of 2022. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with ten treatment combinations viz., T1, Control; T2, 25% N through pig manure + 75% RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen); T3, 25% N through poultry manure+75% RDN; T4, 25% N through FYM + 75% RDN; T5, 25% N through vermicompost+75% RDN; T6, 50% N through pig manure + 50% RDN; T7, 50% N through Poultry manure + 50% RDN; T8, 50% N through FYM + 50% RDN; T9, 50% N through Vermicompost + 50% RDN; T10, 100% RDN which were replicated thrice. The results indicated that maximum plant height at 90 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest stage was noticed under T10 as compared to the other treatments, respectively. At 70 DAS, significant maximum number of branches per plant and 60 DAS highest leaf area index (LAI) was recorded under T10. Similarly, treatment T10 resulted the highest value of crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) at 60 DAS as compared to the control plot. As compared to the T1, significantly higher number of capsules/plant and length of capsule was recorded under T10 followed by T3 and lowest was observed under control (T1). The seed yield and stover yield significantly maximum observed in treatment T10 (100% RDN) but this treatment at par with treatment T3 (25%N through poultry manure+75%RDN). Control (T1) treatment recorded the minimum seed yield and stover yield. In case of quality parameters, maximum value of oil yield and protein content was recorded under T10 as compared to the control plot. However, due to the highest yield obtained under treatment T10, followed by T3, resulting in the highest B:C ratio of 2.60 and 2.17, respectively.
Phenological and yield responses of wheat to sowing dates and varieties in Punjab: An agro-climatic index approach
The present study was conducted to evaluate indices that offer critical insights into crop phenology and yield responses of wheat varieties under varying sowing dates during rabi season of 2023-24. The experiment was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The split-plot experiment consisted of three wheat varieties (‘PBW 826’, ‘PBW 766’ and Unnat ‘PBW 550’) in main plots and three sowing dates (6th November (D1), 24th November (D2) and 12th December (D3) in sub plots. The findings indicated that wheat sown on 6th November exhibited the maximum accumulation of growing degree days (GDD) (1,773.72 oC day) and hygrothermal units (HGTU) (117,039.50 °C day %). Conversely, crop sown on 12th December recorded the lowest accumulation of GDD and HGTU, while early-sown crop exhibited reduced solar thermal degree days (STDD) accumulation. Among sowing dates, wheat sown on 6th November resulted in higher grain yield. Moreover, wheat sown on 12th December acquired the highest accumulated solar thermal degree days (49,241.20 °C day MJ/m2) among other dates to reach physiological maturity. Indices like STDD, HGTU and GDD are highly useful in optimizing sowing time and hence to enhance crop productivity under changing climatic scenario.
Performance of foliar applied urea and nano-urea in single cut fodder oat
The field experiment was carried out during the rabi season of the year 2022–23 at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar to study the effect of urea and nano-urea in single cut fodder oat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments replicated three times. The treatments included 100% recommended dose of nitrogen through urea (RDN), 75% RDN + 2 NU sprays @ 2 mL/ L, 50% RDN + 2 NU sprays @ 2 mL/L, 75% RDN + 2 NU sprays @ 4 mL/L, 50% RDN + 2 NU sprays @ 4 mL/L, 75% RDN + 2 NU sprays @ 6 mL/L, 50% RDN + 2 NU sprays @6 mL/L, 75% RDN + 2 sprays of 2% urea, 50% RDN + 2 sprays of 2% urea and control. Application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen through urea in fodder oat enhanced green and dry fodder yield by 13.6, 12.5 and 14.4% and 6.7, 4.3 and 8.9% compared to 75% recommended dose of nitrogen along with 2 sprays of nano-urea at 4 mL/L, 75% recommended dose of nitrogen along with 2 sprays of nano-urea at 6 mL/L and 75% recommended dose of nitrogen along with 2 sprays of 2% urea, respectively. Net return and B:C ratio also decreased significantly when 75% recommended dose of nitrogen along with 2 sprays of either nano-urea (at 4 or 6 mL/L) or urea (2%) was applied compared to RDN.
Optimizing post-emergence herbicide rates for enhanced growth, symbiotic efficiency and weed management in soybean (Glycine max)
The field experiment was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Dr. J.C. Bakhshi Regional Research Station, Abohar, Punjab, India, during kharif (rainy season) 2021, in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments [imazethapyr 75 g/ha, propaquizafop + imazethapyr at 75, 100, and 125 g/ha, clodinafop propargyl + sodium acifluorfen at 147, 196, and 245 g/ha, imazamox + imazethapyr at 42, 56 and 70 g/ha, two hand weedings (HW) at 20 and 40 DAS and weedy check] with three replications. Results revealed that 2-hand weedings (HW) significantly increased number & dry weight of nodules and leghaemoglobin content compared to the weedy check. Among post-emergence herbicides, imazamox + imazethapyr (70 g/ha) applied at 15–20 DAS produced the number and dry weight of nodules/plant, as well as the leghaemoglobin content statistically comparable to HW. The lowest weed density and dry weight were recorded under two HW at both locations, with imazamox + imazethapyr (70 g/ha) showing comparable effectiveness. Chlorophyll content remained unaffected by most herbicide treatments, though high doses reduced it marginally due to phytotoxicity. Maximum plant height and shoot dry matter accumulation were observed with two HW, followed by imazamox + imazethapyr (70 g/ha) at 15-20 DAS, which provided effective weed control and enhanced crop growth by reducing competition. The findings suggest that imazamox + imazethapyr at 70 g/ha is a viable alternative to manual weeding for soybean under labour scarcity.
Effect of organic manure and LCC-based N top dressing on growth, yield, quality and economics of aromatic rice in Gangetic alluvial soil
A field experiment was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jaguli, Nadia, West Bengal during rainy (kharif) season of 2023 to find out the effect of 3 organic manures (cow dung manure, vermicompost and poultry manure) @ 20 kg N/ha as basal in main plots, and four LCC-based N top dressing (no top dressing, neemcoated urea @ 15 kg N/ha, nano urea @ 4 ml/litre and mustard cake @ 15 kg N/ha) in sub-plots. Basal application of vermicompost @ 20 kg N/ha to aromatic ‘Gobindabhog’ rice resulted in tallest plant at maturity (143.7 cm), maximum dry matter accumulation (492.2 g/m2) at 84 DAT and maximum grain yield (2.67 t/ha), but it led to least net income (`Rs. 48,549/ha) due to higher cost of cultivation. However, basal application of poultry manure @ 20 kg N/ha resulted in moderate grain yield (2.54 t/ha), better lodging resistance (score 2.0), higher protein content (7.39%) and much-better net income (`Rs.57,778/ha). Among LCC-based (score <3) top dressing, mustard cake @ 15 kg N/ ha twice recorded better growth attributes, chlorophyll content in leaf (2.52 mg/g) at 84 DAT and maximum grain yield (2.79 t/ha); while the crop nourished with neem-coated urea recorded moderate yield (2.61 t/ha), better lodging resistance (score 2.0), highest protein content (7.47%) and maximum net income (`Rs. 58,434/ha) in the study.
Eco-friendly nutrient management approaches for sustainable organic fodder production in cowpea-maize cropping sequence
Conventional farming relies on synthetic fertilizers for immediate nutrient release and availability, but their longterm use can degrade soil quality and reduce microbial activity. Organic amendments, such as farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, and bio-compost, offer a viable alternative by improving soil health, enhancing microbial diversity, and ensuring sustained nutrient release. This study evaluated eco-friendly nutrient management approaches for sustainable organic fodder production in cowpea-maize cropping sequence. The results revealed that the highest green fodder yield in maize (425.9 t/ha) and cowpea (25.99 t/ha) was observed under 100% Recommended Rate of Nitrogen (RRN) through inorganic fertilizers, though the combined application of 50% RRN through FYM and 50% through bio-compost also demonstrated noteworthy yield performance. Crude protein content was highest under inorganic fertilizers (8.7% in maize), but organic treatments exhibited similar results, particularly in cowpea (19.0%). Soil health parameters, including microbial biomass and enzymatic activity, were significantly improved under organic amendments. Economically, 100% RRN through inorganic fertilizers recorded the highest net returns (`85,797/ha) and B:C ratio (2.93), however, the organic treatment (50% RRN through FYM + 50% bio-compost) emerged as a sustainable and profitable alternative. These findings suggest that integrating organic sources can sustain high productivity while enhancing soil fertility and long-term economic viability.
Enhancing rice – rice system productivity through site-specific nutrient management using decision support tools
The use of decision support tools (DST) for capturing the site-specific information is important for developing NPK recommendation. To understand the performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different fertilizer management practices based on DST under rice – rice cropping system, a researcher-managed trial (kharif 2019 to boro 2020-21) was conducted at Regional Research Sub-Station (NAZ), BCKV, Chakdaha, West Bengal. Application of SSNMNE significantly increased all measured growth parameters and yield components of rice over other treatments in all the four seasons. The same treatment also resulted in significantly higher seed and straw yield (16.67 and 2.42% more than the values in FFP treatment respectively in kharif season, while 8.51 and 0.45% more than the values in FFP treatment respectively in boro season). System production efficiency was also highest with SSNMNE. Net return, B:C ratio and system economic efficiency were also highest with SSNMNE treatment. The NR and B:C ratio obtained in SSNMNE treatment were 30.7% and 17% higher than that of FFP treatment respectively in kharif season, while 13.6% and 12.1% higher than that of FFP treatment respectively in boro season. The SEE obtained in SSNMNE treatment was also 18.5% higher than that of FFP treatment. Hence, superiority of SSNMNE treatment was proved over others in augmenting rice – rice system productivity in lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Agronomy
Agronomic evaluation of peppermint varieties under different planting time and harvesting schedule
A field experiment was carried out to assess the ideal time of planting and harvesting schedule of peppermint to realize higher herb yield and quality essential oil of peppermint during spring seasons of 2019 and 2020 at two locations viz. Ludhiana and Bathinda. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with the combinations of two varieties (Local and ‘Kukrail’) and three dates of planting (January 15, January 30 and February 15) in the main plots and three harvesting schedules [120, 130 and 140 days after planting (DAP)] in sub-plots. Delayed planting of peppermint on Feb 15 significantly improved growth and development in terms of plant height and stool count thereby resulting in 29 and 35.9% higher herb yield at Ludhiana and Bathinda respectively as compared to Jan 15 planting. However, planting on Feb 15 produced herb yield statistically at par with Jan 30 planting. Harvesting the peppermint at 140 DAP produced significantly higher herb yield by 16.3 and 31.2% than 130 and 120 DAP respectively at Ludhiana and by 11.3% and 20.2% respectively at Bathinda. The ‘Kukrail’ variety demonstrated significantly higher oil yield across locations, influenced by delayed planting and extended harvesting schedules, with maximum yield achieved at 140 DAP. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing planting and harvesting schedules to enhance peppermint productivity and oil yield. Adopting the ‘Kukrail’ variety with delayed planting and extended harvesting can maximize economic returns and ensure efficient utilization of agricultural land, offering a practical approach for farmers to improve peppermint cultivation outcomes.
A Sustainable Nutrient Management Strategy for Yield and Quality Enhancement in Fodder Sorghum
A field experiment was carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar, during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024 to investigate the effects of sewage sludge, FYM, and nitrogen levels on fodder sorghum performance. The experiment was conducted using a split plot design, with sewage sludge (2.5 and 5 t/ha) and FYM (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 t/ha) as the main factors. In subplots, four nitrogen levels were used (control, 50%, 75%, and 100% RDN) with thrice replication for statistical accuracy. Results from both years (2023 and 2024) showed that the application of sewage sludge at 5 t/ha produced taller plants, greater dry matter accumulation, and higher fodder yield (465.8 and 472.6 q/ha), along with improved quality (HCN and crude protein), compared to the 2.5 t/ha application level. Among FYM levels, significantly taller plant, higher dry matter accumulation, fodder yield (468.4 and 475.7 q/ha), HCN and crude protein were found with the application of FYM at 7.5 t/ha over 5 and 2.5 t/ha FYM levels. Among nitrogen levels, application of 100% RDN were found significantly higher crop parameters viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation, fodder yield (499.3 and 506.4 q/ha), HCN and crude protein over lower levels and control. With the application of 100% RDN, HCN content was increased by 12.78 and 21.90%, while crude protein increased by 9.80 and 9.30% during 2023 and 2024, respectively over the control. Integrated application of 5 t/ha sewage sludge, 7.5 t/ha FYM, and 100% RDN ensures optimal crop performance.
Evaluation of nano-urea foliar application on productivity and profitability of linseed (Linum usitatissimum)
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2021–22 and 2022–23 to study the effect of nitrogen levels and nano-urea on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of linseed. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with main plot treatments consisting of soil application of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of recom mended nitrogen levels applied in 2 splits 50% as basal application and 50% as top dressing and subplot treat ments consisting of foliar application of different doses of nitrogenous fertilizers as, one water spray, one spray of nano-urea @ 3 ml/litre at flower initiation stage, 2 sprays of nano-urea @ 3 ml/litre at flower initiation and capsule development stage, one spray of 2% urea at flower initiation stage and 2 sprays of 2% urea at flower initiation and capsule development stage. The soil application of 100% recommended level of nitrogen was found to record sig nificantly highest linseed growth and yield attributes, seed yield, stover yield, gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio which was statistically similar to 75% recommended level of nitrogen but showed its significant superior ity over rest of the treatments. Similarly, foliar application of two sprays of nano-urea @ 3 ml/litre at flower initiation and capsule development stage led to significant enhancement in primary and secondary branches/plant, cap sules/plant, seeds/capsule, test weight, seed yield, stover yield, gross return, net return and B:C ratio as compared to other foliar nitrogen management practices except foliar application of one spray of nano-urea @ 3 ml/litre at flower initiation stage.
Herbicidal weed management options for clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub] in arid region of Rajasthan
A field experiments was conducted during kharif season of 2022 and 2023 at Agricultural Research Station, SKRAU, Bikaner to evaluate the efficacy of pre and post emergence herbicides towards weed management in clusterbean. The maximum yield attributes, yield and weed control efficiency was recorded in weed free check. Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 30% EC+ Imazethapyr 2% EC-800 g/ha recorded weed control efficiency among herbicidal options. Further, post emergence application of fomesafen 12% + quizalofop-ethyl 3% @ 165 g/ha found in next order of superiority. Among herbicide treatments, maximum plant height (99.8 cm), clusters/ plant (32.3), pods/cluster (11.0), seeds/pod (7.6), test weight (30.43 g), seed yield (16.02 q/ha) and straw yield (26.17 q/ha) was recorded under pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 30% EC+ imazethapyr 2% EC @ 800 g/ha. In monetary term weed free check recorded maximum net returns (Rs 60,627/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (2.55) followed by pendimethalin 30% EC+ imazethapyr 2% EC @ 800 g/ha (58,631/ha and 2.58).
Integrated approach of tillage, mulch and nitrogen management enhanced the productivity and profitability of Pearl millet in Semi-Arid regions of India
Intensive tillage and excessive nitrogen fertilization degrade soil health, reduce nutrient use efficiency and contribute to environmental issues such as erosion, nitrate leaching, eutrophication, and greenhouse gas emissions. To address this, a field study was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024 to assess the impact of tillage, mulch and nitrogen management. The study was conducted with four tillage practices namely conventional tillage (CT) + without mulch, conventional tillage (CT) + with mulch (Mustard stover 3 t/ha), minimum tillage (MT) + without mulch and minimum tillage (MT) + with mulch (Mustard stover 3 t/ha) in main plots and five nitrogen management strategies (control, 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through chemical fertilizers, 75% RDN through chemical fertilizers and 25% RDN through FYM, 50% RDN through chemical fertilizers and 50% RDN through FYM and 100% RDN through FYM in sub plots. Conventional tillage with mustard stover mulch (3 t/ha) significantly improved growth and productivity depicted through maximum values of earhead length (28.59 cm), earhead diameter (27.75 mm), grain yield (2,533 kg/ha) and stover yield (5826 kg/ha). Among nitrogen management options, application of 75% RDN through chemical and 25% through FYM proved to be most effective N management option with maximum values of earhead length (29.56 cm), diameter (28.09 mm), grain yield (2,722 kg/ha) and stover yield (6,251 kg/ha). Notably, minimum tillage with mulch, coupled with 75% RDN through chemical and 25% through FYM, provided comparable yields and economic returns with ecological and climate-smart benefits. These findings highlight that adoption of either conventional tillage or minimum tillage with mulch with application of 75% RDN through chemical and 25% through FYM can improve productivity, profitability of pearl millet growers in semi-arid regions.
Influence of fertility levels and zinc fertilization on yield performance and nutrient dynamics of baby corn and hybrids in Southern-Rajasthan
A 2-years field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 at Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agricultural and Technology (MPUAT), Udaipur, to evaluate the performance of baby corn hybrids under varying fertility levels and zinc fertilization. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatments included 2 baby corn hybrids (HM 4 and Pratap Hybrid Maize-3), three fertility levels [125:60:50, 150:70:60, and 175:80:70 kg N, P2O5, and K2O/ha], and three zinc levels [5.0 kg Zn/ha; 3.75 kg Zn/ha + Zn solubilizing bacteria (ZnSB); and 2.5 kg Zn/ha + ZnSB]. The results revealed significant differences in yield and quality attributes across fertility levels and hybrids. On a pooled data basis, hybrid HM-4 recorded higher yields and nutrient uptake compared to ‘PHM 3’, with increases of 15.35%, 15.32%, 15.26% and 15.28% in baby cob, baby corn, green fodder, and biological yield, respectively, along with 27.07%, 26.31%, 24.52% and 21.16% higher total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc. Fertility level F2 noted significant increases of 5.96%, 6.59%, 6.20% and 5.89% in baby cob,green fodder, and biological yields, respectively, over F1. Nutrient uptake by baby corn also improved under F2, with increases of 10.95%, 10.58%, 10.70% and 10.63% in total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, respectively. Similarly, zinc application at Z1 enhanced baby cob, green fodder, and biological yields by 10.37%, 10.35%, 10.31% and 10.32%, respectively, compared to Z3. The maximum yield and nutrient (N, P, K, Zn) content and uptake were recorded with the 150: 70: 60 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha + 5.0 kg/ha Zn fertilization with HM-4 which significantly outperformed ‘PHM 3’.
Influence of nutrient management options on growth and yield performance of basmati rice cultivars in the Indo-gangetic plains
A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 at the research farm of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the performance of Basmati rice cultivars under various nutrient management options. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three Basmati cultivars, viz. ‘Pusa Basmati 1121’, ‘Pusa Basmati 1509’, and ‘Pusa Basmati 1718’ in the main plots and 5 nutrient treatments, viz. Control, 100% Inorganic, Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), 100% Organic, and Jeevamrit (5%) in subplots, replicated thrice. Results revealed that Pusa Basmati-1121 consistently outperformed other varieties in plant height, effective tillers, dry matter accumulation, and yield-attributing traits. INM (50% organic + 50% inorganic) significantly enhanced vegetative and reproductive parameters, resulting in the highest grain yield (38.99 q/ha), panicle length (26.99 cm), filled grains per panicle (93.53), and harvest index (41.24%). In contrast, the Control and Jeevamrit (5%) recorded comparatively lower value. The application of Jeevamrit showed moderate higher fertility ratio and yield traits in comparison to control. The synergistic effect of INM supports balanced nutrient uptake, efficient biomass partitioning, and better grain development. The study was concluded that the combination of high-yielding varieties, viz. ‘Pusa Basmati 1121’ with INM offers a sustainable and productive strategy for Basmati rice cultivation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
Efficacy of herbicide mixtures on weed control, yield and water productivity of direct-sown summer rice
Rice is more susceptible to weed infestation than other food crops, necessitating the prioritization of effective weed management strategies. The potential for sustainable weed control through herbicide mixtures is a key consideration. A study was conducted at the ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India, during the summer seasons of 2020 and 2021 to assess the efficacy of a new formulation of penoxsulam 1.02% + cyhalofop butyl 5.1% in comparison to the existing ready-mix formulation, penoxsulam 1.02% + cyhalofop butyl 5.1% (marketed as Vivaya). In terms of weed composition, grasses, sedges, and broadleaf weeds accounted for 45.0%, 27.2%, and 27.8%, respectively. Among these, Echinochloa crus-galli emerged as the dominant weed, constituting 23.2% of the total weed population. The application of penoxsulam 1.02% + cyhalofop butyl 5.1% at 135 g/ha demonstrated effective broad-spectrum weed control, particularly strong against sedges. In plots with crop-weed competition, the grain yield of rice was reduced by 37.5%. The new formulation and Vivaya showed comparable results in reducing weed density and biomass. Application of ready-mix penoxsulam 1.02% + cyhalofop butyl 5.1% at 135 g/ha as a post-emergence herbicide at 15 DAS resulted in a remarkable 45.9% increase in grain yield over the weedy check plots. Weed control with the new formulation of ready-mix penoxsulam 1.02% + cyhalofop butyl 5.1% at 135 g/ha recorded physical water productivity (0.44 kg/m³), economic water productivity (`8.65/kg), and net return (`57.00×103/ha), which were comparable to Vivaya. Thus, new formulations of penoxsulam 1.02% + cyhalofop butyl 5.1% were found to be safe and effective for controlling weeds in wet direct-seeded rice at a dose of 135 g/ha.
Organic manure and biochar with inorganic fertilizer’s effect on growth dynamics and yield performance of rice (Oryza sativa)
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic manure, inorganic fertilizers, and biochar, individually and in integrated combinations, on growth, yield attributes, and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment aimed to assess the comparative effectiveness of these soil amendments in enhancing rice productivity and to explore their potential contribution to sustainable nutrient management. Organic inputs, including farmyard manure and biochar, were applied to improve soil physical properties, nutrient availability, and microbial activity, while inorganic fertilizers supplying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were used to meet the immediate nutrient requirements of the crop. Field experiments were carried out during a single growing season using different treatment combinations comprising organic manure alone, inorganic fertilizers alone, biochar alone and their various integrated applications. Growth and yield parameters such as plant height, number of tillers, dry matter accumulation, panicle length, number of grains per panicle and grain yield were recorded. The results indicated that integrated application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers significantly enhanced growth and yield attributes of rice compared to their sole application. Notably the combined use of biochar and farmyard manure exhibited a synergistic effect by improving soil structure, enhancing nutrient retention and increasing grain yield. The findings demonstrate that integrated nutrient management involving organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and biochar can substantially improve rice productivity while promoting soil health, thereby offering a viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional fertilizer based farming systems.
Productivity and profitability of groundnut under different crop establishment methods and weed management practices
A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2019 and 2020 at Research Farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur (Rajasthan) to studies on different land configuration, mulching and weed management on growth, yield and quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment consisted of 20 treatment combinations, main plot treatment consists of four land configurations and mulch, viz. flat sowing without mulch, flat sowing with mulch, broad bed and furrow system without mulch and broad bed and furrow system with mulch, however sub plot consist 5 weed management treatments, viz. control, 2 hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS, pendimethalin @ 750 g a.i./ha PE fb hand weeding at 25 DAS, pendimethalin + imazethapyr (ready mix) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha PE fb hand weeding at 25 DAS and pendimethalin @ 750 g a.i./ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 40 g a.i. ha-1 PoE were evaluated in split plot design and replicated thrice. Result indicates that the lowest weed density, dry weight of weed and highest pod yield was recorded under crop sown with broad bed and furrow system with mulch. Among weed management practices, two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS recorded significantly higher reduction in total weed density and dry weight of weed coupled with highest weed control efficiency, pod yield as compared to weedy check, pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 750 g a.i./ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 40 g a.i./ha PoE, pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 750 g a.i./ha PE fb hand weeding at 25 DAS, however it was found at par with pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC (ready mix) 1.0 kg a.i./ha fb hand weeding at 25 DAS during both the year of experimentation.
Influence of different legumes on nutrient content and soil biological health in basmati rice-based cropping systems
To evaluate the long-term effects of legume integration in basmati rice–based systems, five production systems—fallow, basmati rice–wheat–dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata), basmati rice–kabuli chickpea–mung bean, basmati rice–chickpea–mung bean, and basmati rice–berseem–mung bean were assessed in a randomized block design with four replications during 2016–2023. The results showed that legume inclusion significantly improved yield-attributing traits, including tillers/m², panicle/m2, and grains/panicle. Among the systems evaluated, basmati rice–berseem–mung bean consistently performed best, registering 4.5% higher tiller density and 6.3% more grains/panicle compared with the basmati rice–chickpea–mung bean system. Grain and straw concentrations of N, P, and K were the highest under the basmati rice–berseem–mung bean and basmati rice–wheat– dhaincha systems. Soil biological properties followed similar trends, with the highest microbial biomass carbon (205.75 μg/g) and microbial biomass nitrogen (19.48 μg/g) recorded under the basmati rice–berseem– mung bean system in the 0–15 cm soil layer. Although microbial activity declined with soil depth, it remained consistently higher under legume-based systems than under fallow. The findings indicate that inclusion of berseem or dhaincha in basmati rice–based cropping systems enhances yield attributes, nutrient contents, and soil biological health. Therefore, integration of berseem (winter season)/ dhaincha (summer season) is recommended as a sustainable intensification strategy for efficient basmati rice production in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
Evidences from agronomic innovations shaping sustainable agriculture in India
Indian agriculture continues to confront persistent challenges arising from low resource-use efficiency, substantial yield gaps, declining farm profitability, and escalating environmental stress, compounded by climate variability and growing food demand. While genetic improvement has driven productivity gains historically, the transformative role of agronomic innovations in enhancing system efficiency and sustainability remains comparatively underdocumented. This study synthesizes major agronomic technologies mainly from director of Agronomy ICAR-IARI, with the objective of quantifying their contributions to productivity, profitability, resource-use efficiency, and environmental sustainability. The scope encompasses critical irrigation scheduling (e.g., crown root initiation stage in wheat), conservation agriculture and integrated crop management, integrated farming systems, subsurface drip fertigation, precision nutrient management including neem-coated and nano-urea-based strategies, and advanced weed management solutions addressing herbicide resistance and zero-till systems. Evidence indicates that these technologies have generated substantial and scalable impacts, including yield gains of 10–30% in major cereals, water and nitrogen savings of 25–40%, significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and large economic benefits of several hundred crores annually at the national scale. Beyond productivity enhancement, these innovations have strengthened climate resilience, improved soil health, and reduced input dependency, underscoring agronomy’s central role in sustainable intensification. There may be several other success stories across the country, generated by different institutions and State Agricultural Universities, which remain unreported and therefore need proper documentation. This status paper is expected to serve as an icebreaker for systematic and scientific reporting of the real-field impact of agronomic interventions.
Long-term assessment of organic nutrition management to enhance the productivity, resilience, and profitability of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) cultivation in the NEH region.
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] provides protein-rich food, fuel, and income for smallholders in the northeast hill regions who are short on resources. But its poor yield, needs to be adjusted with a viable organic nutrient management to improve productivity, in light textured acid soils. To address it an experiment was done at the College of Agriculture, Lembucherra, Tripura, during five consecutive kharif seasons from 2019 to 2023, comprising of six treatments having four combinations of farm yard manure (FYM) @ 4 t/ha and Vermicompost @ 2 t/ha with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas @ 2.5 kg/ha respectably and application of recommended dose of fertilizer and untreated control. Maximum yield and benefit cost (1.15 t/ha & 2.65) was observed in FYM @ 4 t/ha combined with Pseudomonas @ 2.5 kg/ha, with lowest being at untreated control. Long-term studies indicated that residual organic carbon and primary nutrients were elevated in treatments applied with organic manure compared to untreated controls. The use of FYM treated with biofertilizers was deemed economically viable, providing a solution for marginal pigeonpea farmers in the NEH region to enhance growth and yield.
Impact of zinc fertilization on yield, nutrient concentration and uptake of zero tilled wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
A field experiment was conducted during the (rabi) season 2018-19 and 2019-20 at student research farm of Khalsa College, Amritsar to find out the effect of soil and foliar application of ZnSO4.7H2O on zero till wheat. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications and consisted of control (no Zn), soil application of 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 kg/ha zinc sulphate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O) and foliar application of 0.5% Zn as one spray at heading initiation (5% ear formation), one spray at 100% heading (complete ear formation) and two sprays at heading initiation and 100% heading with recommended dose of fertilizer. Soil application of 50 kg Zn/ha with two foliar sprays of zinc 0.5 % at heading initiation and 100% heading (T13) produced highest yield attributes and grain yield. The percent increase in grain yield was 33.1, 31.3 and 25.5 with T13, T10 and T7 over control (3.92 t/ha). Grain Zn content percent increase was 33.9, 32.3 and 30.8 with T13 (41.77 ppm) T10 (41.29 ppm) and T7 (40.80 ppm) over control (31.20 ppm). The concentration of N, P and K were recorded statistically identical in different zinc treatments. However, significant increase in N, P, K and Zn uptake was recorded and highest uptake was observed with treatment T13 soil application of 50 kg Zn/ha with two foliar sprays of zinc 0.5 % at heading initiation and 100% heading. T13 also gave higher net returns (68743 ₹/ha) than control (42448 ₹/ha).
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A field experiment was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jaguli, Nadia, West Bengal during rainy (kharif) season of 2023 to find out the effect of 3 organic manures (cow dung manure, vermicompost and poultry manure) @ 20 kg N/ha as basal in main plots, and four LCC-based N top dressing (no top dressing, neemcoated urea @ 15 kg N/ha, nano urea @ 4 ml/litre and mustard cake @ 15 kg N/ha) in sub-plots. Basal application of vermicompost @ 20 kg N/ha to aromatic ‘Gobindabhog’ rice resulted in tallest plant at maturity (143.7 cm), maximum dry matter accumulation (492.2 g/m2) at 84 DAT and maximum grain yield (2.67 t/ha), but it led to least net income (`48,549/ha) due to higher cost of cultivation. However, basal application of poultry manure @ 20 kg N/ha resulted in moderate grain yield (2.54 t/ha), better lodging resistance (score 2.0), higher protein content (7.39%) and much-better net income (`57,778/ha). Among LCC-based (score <3) top dressing, mustard cake @ 15 kg N/ ha twice recorded better growth attributes, chlorophyll content in leaf (2.52 mg/g) at 84 DAT and maximum grain yield (2.79 t/ha); while the crop nourished with neem-coated urea recorded moderate yield (2.61 t/ha), better lodging resistance (score 2.0), highest protein content (7.47%) and maximum net income (`58,434/ha) in the study